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  • Abnormal Development of the Elbow in Dogs

    Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs
     
    Elbow dysplasia is a condition caused by the abnormal growth of cells, tissue, or bone. The condition is characterized by a series of four developmental abnormalities that lead to malformation and degeneration of the elbow joint. It is the most common cause of elbow pain and lameness, and one of the most common causes of forelimb lameness in large and giant-breed dogs. Labrador retrievers, Rottweilers, Golden retrievers, German shepherd dogs, Bernese mountain dogs, chow chows, bearded collies, and Newfoundland breeds are the most commonly affected. The age for …read more

  • Abnormal Eyelid in Dogs

    Entropion in Dogs
     
    Entropion is a genetic condition in which a portion of the eyelid is inverted or folded inward. This can cause an eyelash or hair to irritate and scratch the surface of the eye, leading to corneal ulceration or perforation. It can also cause dark-colored scar tissue to build up over the wound (pigmentary keratitis). These factors may cause a decrease or loss of vision.
     
    Entropion is fairly common in dogs and is seen in a wide variety of breeds, including short-nosed breeds, giant breeds, and sporting breeds. Entropion is almost always diagnosed around the tim …read more

  • Abnormal Growths in the Lower Intestines of Dogs

    Rectoanal Polyps in Dogs
     
    Rectoanal polyps is characterized by the growth of flap-like protrusions in the anal and rectal walls. The polyps may be directly attached to the intestinal wall (sessile), or attached through a stalk-like cylindrical connection.
     
    Most rectoanal polyps are non-cancerous, and are merely extensions of the innermost tissue lining of the intestinal walls. And while most cases of polyps are usually isolated, there are occasions dogs suffer from multiple polyps.
     
    The condition described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you wo …read more

  • Abnormal Heart Rhythm in Dogs

    Sinus Bradycardia in Dogs
     
    Sinus bradycardia (SB) is indicated by a slower-than-normal rate of impulses in the sinus node. Also called the sinoatrial node (SAN), the sinus node initiates the electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat or contract. In most instances, slow sinus electrical impulses is benign and may even be beneficial; however, it can also cause loss of consciousness if it is brought about by an underlying disease that disrupts the cardiac autonomic nerves, which act as the heart’s control system.
     
    SB is fairly common in dogs, especially in …read more

  • Abnormal Molar Development in Dogs

    Dilacerated Mandibular First Molar in Dogs
     
    The abnormal development and formation of the mandibular tooth, a molar located three teeth away from the midline of the jaw, is an oral health issue seen primarily in small breed dogs. The mandibular tooth is one of the first permanent teeth to develop a calcified crown, and one of the largest.
     
    There is no gender or particular breed predilection, but small breed dogs are at risk due to the small amount of space in the jaw for the molar to grow into. Therefore, it is generally recommended that small breed dogs be given a full evalua …read more

  • Abnormal Passage Between Artery and Vein in Dogs

    Arteriovenous Fistula in Dogs
     
    An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal, low resistance connection between an artery and a vein. If large enough, the fistula may cause a significant fraction of the total cardiac output to bypass the capillary bed, making it so that the tissues receive little or no oxygen. The heart, in turn, tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen by pumping blood out to the body at a faster rate, which may lead “high output” congestive heart failure.
     
     
    The location of arteriovenous fistulae varies; reported sites include the head, neck, ea …read more

  • Abnormal Passageway Between the Mouth and Nasal Cavity in Dogs

    Oronasal Fistula in Dogs
     
    A fistula is characterized as an abnormal passageway between two openings, hollow organs, or cavities. They occur as a result of injury, infection, or disease. A communicating, vertical passageway between the mouth and nasal cavity is called an oronasal fistula. Dolichocephalic dog breeds are more likely to be affected with this condition, especially the Dachshund.
     
    These types of fistulas are caused by the diseased condition of any tooth in the upper jaw. The most common location for an oronasal …read more

  • Abnormal Protein Production in Dogs

    Paraproteinemia in Dogs
     
    Plasma cells are white blood cells, which produce large quantities of antibodies, essential to the body’s immune response to invasions of bacteria and viruses. Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins, small protein molecules found in the blood or other body fluids and used by the immune system to fight against foreign particles, including bacteria and viruses. 
     
    In paraproteinemia, abnormal proteins called paraprotein (proteins in the blood or urine), or M component, are produced by a single clone (group) of plasma cells. Such production of abno …read more

  • Abnormal Urine Outflow Due to Urinary Bladder Dysfunction in Dogs

    Vesicourachal Diverticula in Dogs
     
    Vesicourachal diverticula is congenital condition in which the urachus — embryological canal or tube connecting the placenta with urinary bladder of fetus — fails to close. This impairs the animal’s normal urine outflow and makes it susceptible to urinary tract infections. If not treated properly, the condition may persist indefinitely.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Blood in urine (hematuria)
    Difficult urination (

  • Abortion in Dogs

     
    There are numerous reasons for why pet owners would like to prevent pregnancy in their pets.
     
    There are numerous reasons for why pet owners would like to prevent pregnancy in their pets. It is a common concern, and there are ways to perform a safe pregnancy termination if your dog has become pregnant. If you are considering ending a pregnancy in your dog, it is recommended that you first seek the advice and assistance of a medical professional, so that a full risk and side effects evaluation can be done.
     
    On the other hand, it is also important to note that dogs can exp …read more

  • Abscesses in Dogs

     
    Surface wounds are fairly common in pets, but they can become problematic if they become infected and are left untreated.
     
    Surface wounds are fairly common in dogs, but they can become problematic if they become infected and are left untreated. While most irritations can often be treated with ointments and creams, an abscess can form if an irritation worsens or if bacteria invades the skin. An abscess can also occur when an animal becomes infected from a variety of injuries, and can be found on virtually any part of a dog’s body.
     
    The condition or disease describe …read more

  • Accumulation of Air Between Chest and Lungs in Dogs

    Pneumothorax in Dogs
     
    Pneumothorax is the medical term for an accumulation of air in the pleural space, the area between the chest wall and the lungs. It may be categorized as traumatic or spontaneous, and closed or open.
     
    Both dogs and cats are susceptible to pneumothorax. Large, deep-chested dogs, such as the Siberian Husky, are believed to be more susceptible to spontaneous pneumothorax.
     
    If you would like to learn how this disease affects cats, please visit

  • Acid Reflux in Dogs

    Gastroesophageal Reflux in Dogs
     
    Gastroesophageal reflux is a condition characterized by the uncontrollable reverse flow of gastric or intestinal fluids into the tube connecting the throat and the stomach (esophagus). This may be due to a brief relaxation of the muscular opening at the base of the esophagus (referred to as the sphincter), as well as chronic vomiting. Gastroesophageal reflux is fairly common in dogs, and may occur at any age, although younger dogs are at greater risk.
     
    The gastric …read more

  • Acne in Dogs

    Pustules in Dogs
     
    Much like in teenage humans, acne is a benign disorder that typically only lasts a while. It occurs when the hair follicles become irritated. Dogs with short coats such as Boxers, Bulldogs, and Rottweilers are the breeds most likely to have this condition. Dogs may also experience intense pain and itching.
     
    Acne tends to come on at puberty, from five to eight months of age. Typically it is gone b …read more

  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Dogs

    Shock Lung in Dogs
     
    Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) refers to a condition of sudden respiratory failure due to fluid accumulation and severe inflammation in the lungs. ARDS is a life-threatening problem, with current mortality rates in dogs at almost 100 percent. This condition is also medically referred to as shock lung, as it occurs following an episode which leads to a state of shock, such as traumatic injury. As typified by a syndrome, ARDS is indicative of an underlying medical condition, usually an injurious event that has allowed blood, fluid and tissue to cross over …read more

  • Acute Vomiting in Dogs

    Sudden Onset of Vomiting in Dogs
     
    It is not uncommon for dogs and cats to vomit from time to time. They might have eaten something that upset their stomachs, or just have sensitive digestive systems. However, it becomes acute when the vomiting does not stop and when there is nothing left in the stomach to throw up except bile (a yellow fluid). It is important you take your pet to a veterinarian in these types of cases.
     
    While vomiting may have a simple, straightforward cause, it may be an indicator of something far more serious. It is also problematic because it can have a wide …read more

  • Addison?s Disease in Dogs

    Hypoadrenocorticism in Dogs
     
    Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are hormones normally produced by the adrenal glands, which are located near the kidneys. Both of these hormones are critical to the healthy functioning of the body, and an abnormal increase or decrease of either of these hormones can lead to serious health problems if not addressed in time. Hypoadrenocorticism is characterized by a deficient production of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids. Deficient production of both these hormones can cause a number of symptoms like weakness, dehydration, low blood pressure, …read more

  • Adrenal Gland Cancer (Pheochromocytoma) in Dogs

    Pheochromocytoma in Dogs
     
    A pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal gland, which causes the glands to make too much of certain hormones. This can cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. These symptoms are intermittent (not present all of the time) because the hormones that cause them are not made all of the time or are made in low amounts.
     
    Pheochromocytomas are rare in dogs. They usually occur in dogs that are older than seven years but can occur in younger dogs as well. Because this tumor affects an endocrine gland that functions to spread horm …read more

  • Aggression in Dogs (Overview)

     
    Aggression in a dog is frightening. Not only for the person who is the apparent target, but also for the pet owner. The possibility that one might be the owner of a pet that has inflicted serious harm on another person is a nightmare. More than a million people are bitten by every year, and this is probably a very low number when you take into account all the bites that are not reported. Most bite wounds are minor, but dog bites account for one percent of all emergency room admissions. Half of the victims are also children, usually under 10 years of age.
     
    Aggresive behavioral t …read more

  • Aggression in Dogs Toward Familiar People

    Dominance, Fear, or Predatory Aggression in Dogs
     
    While some consider aggression to be normal behavior in dogs, it can be impulsive, unpredictable, and even dangerous. Aggressive behavior includes growling, lip lifting, barking, snapping, lunging, and biting. With aggression directed towards family members or other people familiar to the dog, treatment is currently aimed at controlling the issue, as there is no known cure.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    It can be challenging to determine whether a dog is demonstrating abnormal aggression. Aggression is often exhibited near the do …read more

  • Allergic Shock in Dogs

    Anaphylaxis in Dogs
     
    Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition that occurs when an animal reacts adversely to a particular allergen. In extreme situations, this reaction can be fatal. The condition is fairly unpredictable, as almost any substance can potentially cause a reaction. The expected outcome is often good if the reaction is caught early and treatment administered.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

  • Anal Gland Cancer in Dogs

    Adenocarcinoma, Anal Sac/Perianal in Dogs
     
    While anal gland/sac cancer (adenocarcinoma) is not common, it is an invasive disease that does not generally have a positive outlook. Usually seen as a rectal growth (mass) on the animal, it also is common to find the disease in the lymph nodes. Due to the type of disease, it is typically malignant and can spread quickly into other areas of the animal’s body. There are treatment options available, normally surgical, that can help to improve the animal’s chances of survival.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article c …read more

  • Anal Sac Disorders in Dogs

     
    Dogs have anal sacs on either side of the anus which fill with fluid produced by the anal glands. This fluid is assumed to be a scent marker useful for delineating territory. Anal sac disorders involve impaction of anal sac fluid, inflammation of the sac(s), and abscess of the sac(s), which can lead to anal gland rupture. Impaction is the most common disorder of the anal glands. Small breed dogs like Miniature Poodles, Toy Poodles, and Chihuahuas are more predisposed than other breeds.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Scooting
    Straining to defecate
    …read more

  • Anemia (Methemoglobinemia) in Dogs

    Methemoglobinemia in Dogs
     
    The purpose of hemoglobin in the blood is to carry oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Methemoglobin is the result of iron oxygenation, and while it is a form of hemoglobin, it does not carry oxygen. Under normal conditions, methemoglobin is converted back to hemoglobin, and a balance is maintained. But when there is too much methemoglobin in the blood, inadequate oxygenation of bodily tissues ensues. A visible sign of methemoglobinemia is when the blood becomes brownish in color, instead of the normal oxygen rich red color. Methemoglobinemia ca …read more

  • Anemia Due to Bone Marrow Failure (or Toxicity) in Dogs

    Aplastic Anemia in Dogs
     
    Bone marrow plays a pivotal role in the origination and constant replenishment of important cells like red blood cells (RBCs), granulocytes (or white blood cells [WBCs]), and platelets. Once these cells reach the point of maturation they are released from the marrow into the blood stream. In some mammals, it is estimated that as many as three million red blood cells per second are released into the blood circulation, demonstrating the extensive amount of work done by the bone marrow in keeping the numbers of these cells within normal ranges in the body.
      …read more

  • Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs

     
    Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone, produced in the kidneys, that controls the production of red blood cells. For development and maturation of red blood cells to take place, bone marrow requires an adequate supply of erythropoietin, so in cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD), where the kidney is unable to function well enough to produce adequate amounts of EPO, the marrow is likewise unable to produce an adequate supply of red blood cells. Lack of RBC production will inevitably lead to anemia in dogs that are suffering from this condition. Anemia due to CKD is usually see …read more

  • Anemia Due to Deformed Red Blood Cells in Dogs

    Anemia, Metabolic (Anemias With Spiculated Red Cells) in Dogs
     
    Metabolic anemia in dogs occurs as the result of any underlying disease related to the kidney, liver, or spleen by which the shape of red blood cells (RBCs) is changed. Normally, red blood cells (RBCs) in dogs are of biconcave discoid shape, but in metabolic anemia, this shape is lost and they become abnormally elongated and blunt, with finger-like projections called spicules coming out of the surface of the RBCs. These abnormalities render RBCs non-functional, and left untreated, can lead to anemia in affected dogs.
    &nbsp …read more

  • Anemia Due to Enlarged Blood Cells in Dogs

    Anemia, Megaloblastic (Anemia, Nuclear Maturation Defects) in Dogs
      
    In this disease, red blood cells fail to divide and become abnormally large. These cells are also deficient in necessary DNA material. These giant cells with underdeveloped nuclei are called megaloblasts, or “big cells.” Red blood cells are mainly affected, but white blood cells and platelets can also go through changes.
     
    Giant schnauzers seem to have an inherited tendency to have this kind of anemia. In dogs, it is generally mild, and left treated. The seriousness of the anemia can range fro …read more

  • Anemia Due to Iron Deficiency in Dogs

     Anemia, Iron Deficiency in Dogs
     
    When the body is deficient in iron, red cells do not develop as they should. The lack of iron causes the cells that are produced by the bone marrow to be too small, and too low in oxygen-carrying features. In adult dogs, this condition is usually caused by some kind of blood loss. It is important to recognize iron-deficiency anemia, because the underlying disease can be life-threatening.
     
    When the body is deficient in iron, red cells do not develop as they should. The lack of iron causes the cells that are produced by the bone marrow to be …read more

  • Anemia Related to the Immune System in Dogs

    Immune Mediated Anemia
     
    The immune system in a dog is made up of a collection of specialized cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, which all constitute a solid defense system against a variety of infections, including bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. Antibodies are proteins secreted by specific cells of the immune system, which bind to foreign substances, known as antigens, to destroy them. A diseased condition arises when the body’s immune system mistakenly starts recognizing its own red blood cells (RBCs) as antigens and initiates their destruction. In this …read more

  • Anemia, Nonregenerative in Dogs

    Non-regenerative Anemia in Dogs
     
    A decrease in red blood cells is called anemia. Typically, bone marrow will respond to this decrease by increasing red blood cell production. However, in non-regenerative anemia, the bone marrow response is inadequate when compared to the increased need. For this reason, dogs who suffer from anemia caused by lead poisoning are put in a very dangerous situation. Also, dogs that become anemic over a period of time will fare better than those who have a sudden onset of anemia. When the anemia progresses slowly, the body has time to adjust to the decreased …read more

  • Anemia, Regenerative in Dogs

    Regenerative Anemia in Dogs
     
    Blood is made up a cellular portion, and a liquid portion called plasma. This cellular makeup of blood includes the red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. When there are not enough red blood cells, the body is said to be anemic. One type of anemia, regenerative anemia, occurs when the body loses blood faster than it can be regenerated, despite the fact that new red blood cells are being produced in the bone marrow.
     
    This condition can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how regenerateive anemia affect …read more

  • Antibiotic-resistant Bacterial Infections in Dogs

    L-Form Bacterial Infections in Dogs
     
    L-form bacteria are formed as a spontaneous variant of bacteria with defective or absent cell walls, or when cell wall synthesis is inhibited or impaired by antibiotics (e.g., penicillin), specific immunoglobulins, or lysosomal enzymes that degrade the cell walls. L-form bacteria are defective variations of regular bacterial cells, which can be almost any type of bacteria. L-forms are different from most other forms of bacteria in the respect that cell walls are an important component of organized cell division. While L-forms are still able to divid …read more

  • Antibiotic-Resistant Infections in Dogs

    Methicillin-Resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) Infection in Dogs
     
    Some strains of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are resistant to standard antibiotics. When the organism is resistant to methicillin and other beta-lactam types of antibiotics, they are referred to as methicillin-resistant Staph aureus, or MRSA.
     
    Staphylococcus aureus, also called Staph aureus or S. aureus, is a specific type of bacteria. It is commonly encountered and normally does not cause illness unless a person or pet becomes ill or injured, in which case the bacteria can become opportunistic and cause an infe …read more

  • Antibodies that Attack Blood Cells at Lower Temperatures in Dogs

    Cold Agglutinin Disease in Dogs
     
    The term agglutinin refers to an antibody that causes antigens, such as red blood cells or bacteria, to adhere to each each other. Cold agglutinins with low thermal capacity are usually associated with direct red blood cell agglutination (adhesion) at low body temperatures in the peripheral blood vessel network (i.e., the vessels outside of the main circulatory network). Cold limbs or other peripheral clotting phenomena are initiated or intensified by exposure to cold. This is a rare type II autoimmune disorder in which antibodies that attack red blood …read more

  • Anticoagulant Poisoning in Dogs

    Anticoagulant Rodenticide Poisoning in Dogs
     
    The purpose of an anticoagulant is to prevent the coagulation (clotting) of blood. These agents are commonly used in rat and mouse poisons, and are one of the most common household poisons, accounting for a large number of accidental poisoning among dogs. When ingested by an animal, anticoagulants block the synthesis of vitamin K, an essential component for normal blood clotting, which results in spontaneous and uncontrolled bleeding.
     
    Normally, dogs that have mild anticoagulant poisoning will not show signs of poisoning for several …read more

  • Anxiety and Compulsive Disorders in Dogs

    Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Dogs
     
    Compulsive disorder is characterized by a repetitious, relatively unchanging sequence of activities or movements that has no obvious purpose or function. Although the behavior is usually derived from normal maintenance behaviors (such as grooming, eating, and walking), the repetitive behavior interferes with normal behavioral functioning. It is referred to as “OCD” or “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.”
     
    The most commonly observed obsessive-compulsive behaviors are spinning, tail chasing, self-mutilation, halluci …read more

  • Arrhythmias after Blunt Heart Trauma in Dogs

    Traumatic Myocarditis in Dogs   Traumatic myocarditis is the term applied to the syndrome of arrhythmias – irregular heartbeats – that sometimes complicates a blunt trauma injury to the heart.  It is a misnomer, because heart muscle injuries are more likely to take the form of cell death than inflammation (as the term myocarditis suggests). Direct heart injury may not be necessary for development of post traumatic arrhythmia. Non-heart related conditions are likely to have equal or greater importance in causing arrhythmias.   The prevalence of serious arrhythmias aft …read more

  • Artery Inflammation in Dogs

    Juvenile Polyarteritis and Beagle Pain Syndrome in Dogs
     
    Juvenile polyarteritis, also referred to medically as beagle pain syndrome, is a systemic disease that is seemingly of genetic origin, affecting only certain breeds. It is most commonly reported in young beagles, although a similar syndrome has been reported in other breeds, most notably boxers and Bernese mountain dogs. This disease is rare, and can be defined as a simultaneous inflammation of an artery, or several arteries, with irritation, or infection, of the small vessels in the spinal cord in the neck and in the heart.
    &nb …read more

  • Arthritis (Septic) in Dogs

    Toxic Inflammation of the Joints in Dogs
     
    Septic arthritis is a type of inflammation of the joint that is commonly seen after a traumatic injury that has exposed the joint to contamination by environmental microorganism, after surgery, or when microorganisms enter the joints through the blood stream. Infection of other body systems can be a source of these microorganisms ending up inside the joint fluid. Although infection of a single joint is common, more than one joint may be found to be affected in some dogs.
     
    Septic arthritis is differentiated from arthritis by the lack of …read more

  • Arthritis of Multiple Joints in Dogs

    Nonerosive, Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis in Dogs
     
    Nonerosive immune-mediated polyarthritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the diarthroidal joints (movable joints: shoulder, knee, etc.), which occurs in multiple joints, and in which the cartilage of the joint (articular cartilage) is not eroded away. A type III hypersensitivity reaction, which causes antibodies to be bound to an antigen, in this case joint tissue, causes this condition.
     
    These antibody-antigen complexes are called immune complexes, and they are deposited within the synovial membrane (where the fl …read more

  • Aspirin Poisoning in Dogs

    Aspirin Toxicity in Dogs
     
    Aspirin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, has beneficial effects including anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, it can also be toxic. Once ingested, aspirin forms salicylic acid, which is then distributed throughout the body.
     
    Dog owners must therefore follow their veterinarian’s orders strictly if they use aspirin for any reason.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit …read more

  • Bacterial Infection (Actinomycosis) in Dogs

    Actinomycosis in Dogs
     
    Actinomycosis is an infectious disease caused by gram positive, branching, pleomorphic (can change shape somewhat between a rod and coccus), rod-shaped bacteria of the genus Actinomyces, most commonly the A. viscosus species. Able to survive with little (microaerophilic) or no oxygen (anaerobic), Actinomyces is rarely found as the single bacterial agent in a lesion. It is more often a component of a polymicrobial infection with several bacteria present. In fact, there may even be synergism between Actinomyces and other organism …read more

  • Bacterial Infection (Campylobacteriosis) in Dogs

    Campylobacteriosis in Dogs
     
    Campylobacteriosis is a bacterial infection prevalent in puppies younger than six months old. The bacteria which causes the disease can even be found in the gut (gastrointestinal tract) of healthy dogs and other mammals.
     
    Up to 49 percent of dogs carry campylobacteriosis, shedding it into their feces for other animals to contract. Because of this, humans can contract the disease if they do not practice proper hygiene after coming into contact with an infected animal.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both …read more

  • Bacterial Infection (Metritis) of the Uterus in Dogs

    Metritis in Dogs
     
    Metritis is inflammation of the endometrium (lining) of the uterus due to a bacterial infection, usually occurring within a week after a dog has given birth. It can also develop after a natural or medical abortion, miscarriage, or after a non-sterile artificial insemination. The bacteria that are most often responsible for infection of the uterus are gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, which often spreads into the blood, causing a blood infection. The infection may lead to sterility, and if left untreated, septic shock, a lethal condition, may foll …read more

  • Bacterial Infection (Nocardiosis) in Dogs

    Nocardiosis in Dogs
     
    Nocardiosis is an uncommon infectious disease affecting several body systems, including the respiratory, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems. Both dogs and cats may become exposed to the infectious, saphrophytic organism, which nourishes itself from dead or decaying matter in the soil. Typically, the exposure occurs either through open wounds or via inhalation.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms of nocardiosis are largely dependent on the site of infection. If …read more

  • Bacterial Infection (Pyelonephritis) of the Kidneys in Dogs

    Pyelonephritis in Dogs
     
    Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, the funnel-like part of the ureter in the dog’s kidney.
     
    Normally, if pyelonephritis takes place, it is due to an impairment of the dog’s defenses: ureteral movement, blood supply to the kidneys, or the flap valves found between the kidney and ureters.
     
    Pyelonephritis can also develop due to kidney stones or when microbes climb upward, spreading a lower urinary tract infection to the upper urinary tract. Blockage of an infected kidney or ureter can lead to more serious complications: s …read more

  • Bacterial Infection (Pyoderma) of the Skin in Dogs

    Pyoderma in Dogs
     
    When a dog’s skin is cut or wounded, there is an increased risk of infection. Pyoderma refers to a bacterial infection of the skin that is very common in dogs. Lesions and pustules (inflamed pus-filled swelling) on the skin, and in some cases partial hair loss, often characterize the infection. Treatment is typically given on an outpatient basis and prognosis is good.
     
    The condition described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how pyoderma affects cats, please visit

  • Bacterial Infection (Streptococcus) in Dogs

    Streptococcal Infections in Dogs
     
    Streptococcal infection refers to a bacterial infection caused by streptococcus. Puppies and older dogs are most suscetible to developing this disease, as their immune systems are not fully developed or have declined.
     
    The condition described in this medical article is common in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how it affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    …read more

  • Bacterial Infection of the Breast in Dogs

    Mastitis in Dogs
     
    Mastitis is a bacterial infection of one or more lactating (milk producing) glands in the breasts. It is often the result of an ascending infection, trauma to the lactating gland, or an infection that has been spread through the blood stream.
     
    Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococci, and β-hemolytic Streptococci are some of the main bacteria that are found to be most commonly involved. It is a potentially life-threatening infection, in some cases leading to septic shock, the direct effect of the mammary glands with sy …read more

  • Bad Breath (Chronic) in Dogs

    Halitosis in Dogs
     
    Halitosis is the medical term used to describe an offensive odor that comes from the mouth, producing bad breath. A number of causes may be responsible for this condition, notably periodontal disease, a disease resulting from bacteria in the mouth. Bacteria is also associated with plaque and cavities. 
     
    Small animal breeds and brachycephalic breeds (characterized by their short-nosed, flat-faced features; e.g., the

  • Baldness and Hormone-Related Skin Disorders in Dogs

    Hormone Responsive Dermatosis and Alopecia in Dogs
     
    Alopecia and dermatosis are skin and hair disorders related to an imbalance of reproductive hormones. More specifically, alopecia is characterized by a loss of hair leading to baldness, and dermatosis is characterized by a diseased condition of the skin. There are a lot of reasons for why a dog would have these types of reactions, but if all indications point to an imbalance in hormones related to reproductive functioning, your veterinarian will try supplemental therapy to either lower or raise hormone levels to a normal amount. Ident …read more

  • Bile Duct Cancer in Dogs

    Cholangiocellular Carcinoma in Dogs
     
    Bile duct carcinoma is a malignant cancer that typically arises from the the epithelia, the cellular lining of the hepatic (liver) bile ducts. This cancer occurs more often in the intrahepatic bile ducts (within the liver) rather than in the extrahepatic bile ducts (outside the liver). In dogs, they are more likely to be found in the left lobe of the liver. Complications of this disease include a failure of the bile to pass through the bile ducts due to the mass that is blocking the duct.
     
    Bile duct carcinomas are aggressive, with metastasis …read more

  • Bile Duct Obstruction in Dogs

    Cholestasis in Dogs
     
    Bile, a bitter, high alkaline fluid that is secreted by the liver, serves important functions in the digestion and removal of waste materials from the body. Once bile has been formed in the liver, it is passed into the gallbladder, where it is held until food is digested. It is then released into the small intestine, both to aid in the digestion of food and to emulsify the food so that it can be used appropriately by the body, or carried out of the body as waste.
     
    Cholestasis is a term used to denote a condition in which obstruction of the bile duct prevent …read more

  • Birth Difficulties in Dogs

    Dystocia in Dogs
     
    Dystocia is the medical term used to diagnose a difficult birthing experience. This condition may occur as a result of maternal or fetal factors, and can occur during any stage of the labor. Abnormalities of presentation, posture, and the position of the fetus within the uterus can negatively affect the temporal relationship between the birthing offspring and the maternal birth canal.
     
    Uterine inertia (inactivity) may be primary or secondary. Primary inertia is symptomized by a failure of the body to commence synchronous uterine contractions, and secondary ine …read more

  • Black, Tarry Feces due to Presence of Blood in Dogs

    Melena in Dogs
     
    The term melena is used to describe a black, tarry appearing feces, which occurs due to the presence of digested blood in the intestines, or to internal bleeding that has passed into the intestine.
     
    Melena is typically seen due to bleeding in the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. It has also been seen in dogs after they have ingested a sufficient amount of blood from the oral cavity or respiratory tract. It is not a disease in itself but a symptom of some other underlying disease. The dark color of the blood is due to the oxidation of iron in the hemo …read more

  • Bladder Inflammation with Polyps in Dogs

    Polypoid Cystitis in Dogs
     
    Polypoid cystitis is a condition marked by a chronically inflamed and/or infected urinary bladder. This disease is characterized by polypoid (round and fleshy) protrusions scattered over the surface of the bladder. These protrusions can lead to ulcers in the lining of the urinary bladder, which will result in occasional blood in the urine.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Bloody urine
    Frequent urination
    Difficulty urinating
    Urethral obstruction from polyps (pet stops urinating and becomes very ill)

  • Bleeding Disorder in Dogs

    Von Willebrand’s Disease in Dogs
     
    Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) is a blood disease caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), an adhesive glycoprotein in the blood required for normal platelet binding (i.e., clotting) at the sites of small blood vessel injuries. In addition, vWF is a carrier protein for coagulation Factor VIII (necessary for blood to clot). A lack of vWF impairs platelet stickiness and clumping. Similar to hemophilia in humans, this condition can lead to excessive bleeding following an injury, due to the lack of clotting.
     
    VWF is an autosomal …read more

  • Bleeding of the Retina in the Eye in Dogs

    Retinal Hemorrhage in Dogs
     
    The retina is the innermost lining of the eye, laying just beneath the middle choroid coat, which in turn lies between the retina and the sclera – the white lining of the outer eye. The choroid coat contains connective tissue and blood vessels, which deliver nutrients and oxygen to the outer layers of the retina. In some cases the retina may separate from this layer. This is termed retinal detachment. Retinal hemorrhage is a condition in which the innermost lining of the eye has a local or generalized area of bleeding into that lining. The causes of re …read more

  • Bleeding Under the Skin of Dogs

    Petechia, Ecchymosis, and Bruising in Dogs
     
    Petechia, ecchymosis, and bruising are all identified by skin or mucous membrane discoloration, typically due to injuries that lead to bleeding (hemorrhaging) under the affected area. More specifically, bruising is an injury to the skin, which causes blood vessels to rupture and the discoloration of tissue due to the presence of red blood cells; petechia is a small red or purple spot on the body caused by minor hemorrhaging; and ecchymosis is a purplish patch under the moist tissues of the body (mucous membranes) or under the skin. Petechia, …read more

  • Blind Quiet Eye in Dogs

     
    Blind quiet eye is the loss of vision in one or both eyes without ocular vascular injection or other apparent signs of eye inflammation. This may occur due to abnormalities in retinal image detection, retinal focusing, optic nerve transmission, or simply the central nervous system’s inability to interpret images correctly.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Because Blind Quiet Eye directly affects the dog’s vision, it may display several signs, including:
     

    Clumsy behavior (e.g., bumping into objects, tripping, falling)
    Decreased or absent menace …read more

  • Bloat or Stomach Dilatation in Dogs

    Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus Syndrome in Dogs
     
    Gastric dilation and volvulus syndrome (GDV), more commonly referred to as gastric torsion or bloat, is a disease in dogs in which the animal’s stomach dilates and then rotates, or twists, around its short axis. A number of emergency conditions may result as a consequence of this gastric rotation, including progressive distension of the stomach, increased pressure within the abdomen, damage to the cardiovascular system, and decreased perfusion. Perfusion is the process of delivering nutrients via blood in the arteries to the body& …read more

  • Blood Clot in the Lungs in Dogs

    Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Dogs
     
    Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) occurs when a blood clot lodges in one of the arteries that feed into the lungs. Slow-flowing blood and blood vessel damage, in addition to blood which clots too easily, can predispose a dog to thrombus (blood clot) formation. Most of the time, pulmonary PTE is caused by another underlying disease process.
     
    Pulmonary thromboemboli (blood clots) can originate in the right atrium of the heart, or in many of the major veins throughout the body. As the dog’s body makes oxygenated blood to deliver to the heart and lu …read more

  • Blood in the Chest in Dogs

    Hemothorax in Dogs
     
    Hemothorax is a condition that may occur suddenly (acute) or over a long period of time (chronic), and it can occur for a variety of reasons. Hemothorax is the medical term used to identify a condition in which blood has collected in the chest cavity, or thorax. There does not appear to be a particular age, gender, or breed of dog that is more predisposed to this condition than another.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Acute onset:

    Symptoms of decreased blood volume usually occur before sufficient blood volume accumulates in the pleural s …read more

  • Blood in the Front of the Eye in Dogs

    Hyphema in Dogs
     
    Hyphema, or blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, is a common condition among dogs. However, hyphema is a clinical sign and not a specific disease.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The symptoms of hyphema are dependent on the extent of bleeding, whether vision has been impaired, and whether your dog has other, underlying systemic diseases.
     
    Common signs that are observed during a physical examination are:
     

    Blood within the anterior chamber of the eye
    Corneal edema or corneal lesions
    Elevated intraocular …read more

  • Blood in the Urine in Dogs

    Hematuria in Dogs
     
    Hematuria is a condition which causes blood to fall into the urine, and which may indicate a serious underlying disease process. Familial hematuria (a condition in which blood in the urine runs in certain families of animals) is usually implicated in young dogs, while cancer is the usual cause in older dogs. Females are at greater risk for urinary tract infections that lead to blood in the urine than are males.
     
    Symptoms
     
    Symptoms of hematuria include blood in the urine, a sign in itself. Red-tinged urine, with or without abnormal frequent passage of …read more

  • Blood Related Deficiencies in Dogs

    Pancytopenia in Dogs
     
    The term pancytopenia does not refer to a disease itself, but rather to the simultaneous development of a number of blood-related deficiencies: non-regenerative anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The root word pan refers to all or whole, and cytopenia refers to a lack of cells circulating in the blood.
     
    Nonregenerative anemia is a condition characterized by a low red-blood cell count and the bone marrow’s lack of response to produce additionally needed …read more

  • Blood Thickening in Dogs

    Polycythemia Vera in Dogs
     
    Polycythemia vera is a blood disorder that involves the thickening of the blood due to an overproduction of red blood cells by the bone marrow. It is primarily seen in older dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The following symptoms gradually appear but run a chronic course:
     

    Weakness
    Depression
    Lack of appetite (anorexia)
    Redness of skin (erythema)
    Increased thirst and urination (

  • Blood Transfusion Reactions in Dogs

      There are a variety of reactions that can occur with the transfusion of any blood product. Most reactions usually occur during or shortly after transfusions.   There are a variety of reactions that can occur with the transfusion of any blood product. Most reactions usually occur during or shortly after transfusions. Purebred dogs, especially, that have had previous blood transfusions are at a higher risk for severe reactions to transfusion than other dogs.   The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn mor …read more

  • Blue Skin and Mucus Membranes in Dogs

    Cyanosis in Dogs
     
    Cyanosis is a medical condition characterized by blue colored skin and mucous membranes, which occurs as the result of inadequate amounts of oxygenated hemoglobin — the molecule which carries oxygen to the body tissues — or due to hemoglobin abnormalities.
     
    Unfortunately, dogs that are suffering from cyanosis caused by advanced lung/airway disease and severe heart disease have a poor long-term prognosis.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Heart murmur
    Crackles heard when listening to the lungs
    Muffled heart sou …read more

  • Bone Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs

    Chondrosarcoma of the Bone in Dogs
     
    Chondrosarcoma (CSA) of the bone is a fast spreading and malignant form of cancer, which, if not diagnosed and treated early, can be life threatening. Chondrosarcoma arises from the cartilage of the body, the connective tissue that is found between the bones and joints, often metastasizing to other parts of the body, including the ribs. This is the most common rib tumor found in dogs, and the second most common primary tumor in dogs, representing 5 to 10 percent of all primary bone tumors.
     
    The majority of CSAs involves flat bones, with about …read more

  • Bone Cancer (Fibrosarcoma) in Dogs

    Fibrosarcoma of the Bone in Dogs
     
    Fibrosarcoma is a result of the abnormal division of fibroblast cells – the cells that are most prevalent in the connective tissue of the body, and normally this type of tumor originates in the soft tissue. In some rare cases, however, a fibrosarcoma tumor originates in the bone, weakening the structure of the bone, and possibly leading to fractures, and even amputation of the limb. In most cases fibrosarcoma of the bone is benign and non-metastasizing, but there are cases where the tumor is malignant and metastasizes throughout the body, into t …read more

  • Bone Cancer (Hemangiosarcoma) in Dogs

    Hemangiosarcoma of the Bone in Dogs
     
    Hemangiosarcoma is a fast spreading tumor of the endothelial cells — a group of cells that form to line the inner surface of blood vessels, including veins, arteries, intestines, and the bronchi of lungs. Hemangiosarcomas affect the bones and may compromise the integrity of the bone involved, resulting in loss of strength leading to bone fractures. Such fractures may be seen without any prior trauma and are characteristic of cancers that affect the bones. This tumor commonly affects the bones of the limbs but may also affect other bones in the body …read more

  • Bone Cancer (Osteosarcoma) in Dogs

    Osteosarcoma in Dogs
     
    Osteosarcoma refers to the most common bone tumor found in dogs. Bone cancer can affect any breed of dog, but it is more commonly found in the larger breeds.
     
    The disease is extremely aggressive and has a tendency to spread rapidly into other parts of the dog’s body (metastasize). There are treatment options available, but generally the long term prognosis for the animal is poor.
     
    Bone cancer can be found in cats as well, but it is rare. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

  • Bone Deformity and Dwarfism in Dogs

    Osteochondrodysplasia and Achondroplasia in Dogs
     
    Osteochondrodysplasia (OCD) is a growth and developmental abnormality of the bone and cartilage, which results in lack of normal bone growth and bone deformities. Where osteo refers to the bone, chondro refers to the cartilage, and dysplasia is a general term that is applied to abnormal growth. Dog breeds that tend to be predisposed to this disorder are great Pyrenees, Alaskan malamutes, Samoyeds, Scottish deerhounds, Labrador retrievers, basset hounds, and Norwegian elkhounds.
     
    Achondroplasia is a form of osteochondrodyspla …read more

  • Bone Infection in Dogs

    Osteomyelitis in Dogs
     
    Inflammation of the bone or bone marrow most commonly occurs due to bacterial infections, but also shows up rarely as a fungal infections. This type of infection is referred to as osteomyelitis. The inflammation may be due to an acute (sudden) infection, or to a chronic infection. Infections from other areas of body may reach the bones or bone marrow through the bloodstream, or the infection may come from another infection that is close in proximity to the bone. Another common cause of such infections is road-side accidents or injuries involving the bone and soft …read more

  • Bone Inflammation (Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy) in Puppies

    Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy in Puppies
     
    Hypertrophic osteodystrophy is a disease of the front limbs in large-breed puppies. Affected puppies suffer from a noninfectious inflammation of the bony spicules (pointed, mineral structures) in the metaphysis of the long bones. The metaphysis is the conical part of the bone between the epiphysis (the growing end of the bone), and the diaphyses (the shaft of the long bone). The most severely affected bones are those that grow most rapidly. Swelling around the metaphyses, and bone deposition, cause widening of the metaphyses. Tiny fractures of th …read more

  • Bone Inflammation (Panosteitis) in Dogs

    Panosteitis in Dogs
     
    Panosteitis refers to a short-lived (self-limiting) and painful condition characterized by limping and lameness. It is a condition that affects the long bones in the legs of young dogs, usually between the ages of 5 to 18 months. It can occur with any breed, but it is more common in medium- to large-sized dog breeds.
     
    The inflammation can affect one or more of the dog’s limbs, making it challenging and painful to move around. With treatment, the inflammation can be reduced and the animal can regain full function and activity.
     
    Panosteitis can affect …read more

  • Bone Marrow Cancer (Myeloma) in Dogs

    Multiple Myeloma in Dogs
     
    Plasma cells are specialized white-blood cells, lymphocytes that have been altered to produce immunoglobulin, an immune protein or antibody necessary for fighting disease. Multiple myeloma is an uncommon cancer that is derived from a clonal population of cancerous (malignant) plasma cells in the bone marrow.
     
    Three of four defining features must be present for a diagnosis of multiple myeloma: immune protein from a single clone of cells (known as a monoclonal gammopathy), seen as a spike in the gamma region of a protein analysis of the blood (known as a …read more

  • Bone Overgrowth in Dogs

    Hypertrophic Osteopathy in Dogs
     
    Hypertrophic osteopathy refers to an abnormal enlargement of bone due to new bone formation. It commonly occurs in humans and dogs and has been reported in dogs, horse, cow, sheep, and various other more exotic species.
     
    In dogs the disease is characterized by swelling, primarily affecting all four limbs. Subtle in onset, it is often mistaken for early arthritis. Neoplasia is a common cause of this disease, and therefore, more common in older dogs as neoplasia is more common in older dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Letha …read more

  • Botulism in Dogs

    Clostridium botulinum in Dogs
     
    Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic disease in dogs, related to ingestion of raw meat and dead animals. Typically, symptoms within a few hours to six days after eating spoiled animal meat that is infected with the Clostridium botulinum type C preformed neurotoxin. This neurotoxin causes spreading weakness, starting in the back legs and ascending to the trunk, front legs and neck. Paralysis of all four limbs is the next symptom.
     
    Dogs generally are resistant to the more severe effects of Clostridium botulinum type C. …read more

  • Brain and Spinal Cord Inflammation (Meningoencephalomyelitis, Eosinophilic) in Dogs

    Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs
     
    Eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis is a condition that causes the inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and their membranes due to abnormally high numbers of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Often, the increase of eosinophils is in response to a parasite infection, tumor or allergic reaction in the dog.
     
    Although dogs of any age may succumb to eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis, Golden retrievers seem to be predisposed to the condition.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms vary in locat …read more

  • Brain and Spinal Cord Inflammation in Dogs

    Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs
     
    Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to the formation of granuloma(s) –  a ball-like collection of immune cells formed when the immune system tries to wall off foreign substances — which can be localized, diffused, or involving multiple locations, such as the brain, spinal cord and surrounding membranes (meninges).
     
    This disease is the most well recognized and accepted CNS inflammatory disorder in dogs. However, dogs between the ages of 6 mont …read more

  • Brain Cell Degeneration in Dogs

    Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in Dogs
     
    The term abiotrophy is used to denote loss of function due to degeneration of cells or tissues without known reasons. Neuroaxonal dystrophy is a group of inherited abiotrophies affecting different parts of brain in dogs. Rottweilers, collies, German shepherds, chihuahuas, and boxers are some of the breeds known to be predisposed to this inherited disorder of the brain.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The symptoms depend on the part of brain being affected.
     

    Uncoordinated movements
    Abnormal placement of limbs while …read more

  • Brain Disorder Due to Liver Disease in Dogs

    Hepatic Encephalopathy in Dogs
     
    Hepatic encephalopathy is a metabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. It develops secondary to liver disease (known as hepatopathy). Encephalopathy is the medical term for any disorder of the brain, and hepatic refers to the liver. Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by an accumulation of ammonia in the system due to the liver’s inability to rid the body of the substance.
     
    The liver is the largest gland in the body, performing a number of essential functions, including the production of bile (a fluid substance involved in the diges …read more

  • Brain Inflammation Due to Parasitic Infection in Dogs

    Encephalitis Secondary to Parasitic Migration in Dogs
     
    Brain inflammation, also known as encephalitis, may be due to a variety of factors. For instance, parasites can migrate into the dog’s central nervous system (CNS), gain entry via blood or through adjacent tissues, including the middle ear, natural opening in the skull, nasal cavities and cribriform plate (part of the skull), or open fontanelles, also called “soft spots.”
     
    These parasites may normally affect another …read more

  • Brain Inflammation in Dogs

    Encephalitis in Dogs
     
    The term “encephalitis” refers to an inflammation of the brain. However, it also may be accompanied by the inflammation of spinal cord (myelitis), and/or the inflammation of the meninges (meningitis), membranes which cover the brain and spinal cord.
     
    German short-haired pointers, Maltese, and Yorkshire terriers are all found to be predisposed to encephalitis.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Although symptoms may vary depending on the portion of brain affected, they typically appear suddenly and are rapidly progressive. Such symptoms includ …read more

  • Brain Injury in Dogs

     
    Dogs can incur brain injuries from a variety of causes, including severe hyperthermia or hypothermia and prolonged seizures. Primary brain injuries, for example, involve direct trauma to the brain, which once acquired, cannot be altered. Secondary brain injury, meanwhile, is the alteration of brain tissue that occurs after primary injury, but this form of injury can be managed, prevented, and improved with optimal supportive care and treatment.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Being that it is a vital organ, the brain requires constant supply of oxygen and nutrition. Any deficiency …read more

  • Brain Tissue Inflammation and Death (Breed Specific) in Dogs

    Breed Specific Necrotizing Encephalitis in Dogs
     
    Necrotizing encephalitis is inflammation of the brain with concurrent necrosis (death) of brain tissue. It is seen only in a few breeds of dogs, including pugs, Yorkshire terriers, and Maltese. It is also occasionally seen in chihuahuas and shi-tzus. Symptoms vary in different breeds.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms depend on the area of the brain that is affected, but may include:
     

    Abnormal behavior
    Seizures
    Circling
    Blindness

     
    Causes
    &nbs …read more

  • Brain Tissue Undervelopment in Dogs

    Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Dogs
     
    Cerebellar hypoplasia is a condition in which parts of the cerebellum have not completely developed. The cerebellum makes up a large part of the brain, lying under the cerebrum and toward the back, above and behind the brainstem. This condition can occur due to intrinsic (genetic) causes, or to extrinsic causes like infections, toxins or nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms become visible when the puppies begin to stand and walk, around six weeks of age. Cerebellar hypoplasia is hereditary in

  • Brain Tumor (Astrocytoma) in Dogs

    Astrocytoma in Dogs
      
    Astrocytomas are brain tumors that affect the organ’s glial cells, which surround nerve cells (neurons), giving them support and electrically insulating them. It is the most common primary neoplasm occurring the brain of dogs. However, an astrocytoma can also be rarely found in the spinal cord, and there was one reported case of an astrocytoma located in the retina.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The astrocytoma’s biologic behavior depends on the tumor’s location and degree of lack of cell differentiation (graded I–IV, from best to worst prognosis …read more

  • Brain Tumors in Dogs

     
    A tumor is defined as an abnormal growth of cells, and may be classified as primary or secondary. A primary brain tumor originates from cells normally found within the brain and its membranes. A secondary brain tumor, on the other hand, is either cancer that has spread to the brain (a process known as metastasis) from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body, or is a tumor that affects the brain by extending into brain tissue from an adjacent non-nervous system tissue, such as bone.
     
    Brain tumors appear to be more common in dogs than other pets. Dogs older than five years are more …read more

  • Breathing Difficulties in Dogs

    Dyspnea, Tachypnea and Panting in Dogs
     
    Troubled or labored breathing is medically referred to as dyspnea, and excessively rapid breathing is medically referred to as tachypnea (also, polypnea). The respiratory system has many parts, including the nose, throat (pharynx and larynx), windpipe, and lungs. Air comes in through the nose and is then carried down into the lungs, through a process referred to as inspiration. In the lungs, the oxygen is transferred to the red blood cells. The red blood cells then carry the oxygen to other organs in the body. This is all part of the physical pro …read more

  • Breathing Problem in Short-Nose Breed Dogs

    Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome in Dogs
      
    Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome is the medical term related to various upper airway problems found in short-nosed, flat-faced dog breeds such as the Pekingese. A brachycephalic (meaning to having a short, broad head) breed may experience partial obstruction of the upper airway due to physical characteristics such as narrowed nostrils, an overly long soft palate, or collapse of the voice box (also known as the larynx). Breathing difficulties may also occur because of an abnormally small windpipe (or tr …read more

  • Breeding Timing in Dogs

    Breeding Timing To Maximize Fertility in Dogs
     
    Breeding timing refers to the purposeful timing of insemination during the estrus (heat) period in order to maximize fertility and the chances of conception. This technique may be utilized to ensure conception in dogs.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    Symptoms and Type …read more

  • Calcium Buildup in Lungs of Dogs

    Pulmonary Mineralizations in Dogs
     
    Pulmonary mineralization is characterized by both calcification (mineral calcium build up in soft tissue) and ossification (connective tissues, such as cartilage, are turned to bone or bone-like tissue) of the lungs.
     
    This condition generally affects older dogs and it may be generalized or localized. But if the mineralization is discrete, meaning that it in only one place, individual mineral deposits can be indentified. If mineralization is diffuse, however, it will spread out to more than one location, making it impossible to identify the ind …read more

  • Calcium Deposits in the Urinary Tract in Dogs

    Urolithiasis, Calcium Oxalate in Dogs
     
    Urolithiasis is described as the presence of stones (calcium deposits) in the urinary tract. The development of these stones is more common in dogs than in cats, and in older animals. In most cases the stones can be removed safely, giving the animal a positive prognosis.
     
    Causes
     
    The primary cause for the formation of stones is high levels of calcium in the urine. Some risk factors can include calcium supplements, excessive dietary protein or Vitamin D, high levels of steroids, Vitamin B6 deficient diets, and the consumption of dry …read more

  • Cancer of the Blood Vessel Cells in Dogs

    Hemangiopericytoma in Dogs
     
    A hemangiopericytoma is metastatic vascular tumor arising from the pericyte cells, where hemangio refers to the blood vessels, and a pericyte is a type of connective tissue cell.
     
    Hemangiopericytoma is malignant tumor that affects the cells surrounding the small blood vessels (capillaries) in subcutaneous tissue. A pericyte might best be described as a non-specialized cell. It is one of the original embryonic cells, but instead of taking on a specific function, it remains in its first stage, waiting until it is needed. The function of the pericyte is …read more

  • Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Growths in a Dog’s Mouth

    Oral Masses (Malignant and Benign) in Dogs
     
    An oral mass refers to a growth in a dog’s mouth or surrounding head region. While not all growths (masses) are cancerous, oral tumors can become malignant and fatal if they are not treated early and aggressively.
     
    Oral tumors can be found in the dog’s lips, tongue, gums and lymph regions surrounding the mouth. The disease is treatable and has a high success rate when the tumor is discovered and treated early.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn …read more

  • Cancerous Lymphoid Cells in the Lungs of Dogs

    Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis in Dogs   Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare disease seen in dogs that involves the infiltration of the lungs by cancerous lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells). Metastasis may occue in other body sites and organs like the liver, heart, spleen, pancreas, and kidney.   Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is not breed- or gender-specific, but is more common in large and purebred dogs.   Symptoms and Types   Respiratory symptoms are often seen which aggravate over time. The following are a few of the more common symptoms related to this disease: …read more

  • Canine Coronavirus Infection in Dogs

    Canine Coronavirus Infection in Dogs
     
    A canine coronavirus infection (CCV) is a highly contagious intestinal disease that can be found in dogs all around the world. This particular virus is specific to dogs, both wild and domestic. The coronavirus replicates itself inside the small intestine and is limited to the upper two-thirds of the small intestine and local lymph nodes. A CCV infection is generally considered to be a relatively mild disease with sporadic symptoms, or none at all. But if a CCV infection occurs simultaneously with a viral

  • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Dogs

    Carbon Monoxide Toxicosis in Dogs
     
    Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless, non-irritating gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon fuels. It is potentially toxic for dogs as well as humans. Common sources of carbon monoxide are unventilated kerosene or propane heaters, gasoline engines, automobile exhaust, or fumes from carbon-based fuel heating systems.
     
    When inhaled, this gas is readily absorbed into the blood, combining with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery to the body, and thereby leading to decreased utilization of oxygen in the …read more

  • Carcinoid Cancer in Dogs

    Carcinoid Syndrome and Tumor in Dogs
     
    Carcinoid tumors are small neuroendocrine tumors, typically of the gastrointestinal tract, that secrete serotonin, a naturally occurring neurochemical that is usually associated with sleep and memory functions. Carcinoid tumors are rare, slow growing tumors that are formed by the endocrine cells (secreting cells) of the mucosal lining of organs, such as the stomach and intestine.
     
    Carcinoid tumors secrete the amines serotonin and histamine into the bloodstream, as well as a number of peptides, chemical compounds such as bradykinins and tach …read more

  • Cardiac Arrest in Dogs

    Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Dogs
     
    Cardiac arrest (also known as cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest) occurs when normal blood circulation ceases due to the heart’s inability to contract (heart failure). Like many other body systems, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work in a coordinated fashion. Therefore, if a dog fails to breathe for more than six minutes, it can lead to heart failure and cardiac arrest — both of which can be fatal. Cardiac arrest can occur in dogs of any age, sex, or breed.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Blood circulation may remain intact if …read more

  • Cardiac Electrical Failure in Dogs

    Sinus Arrest and Sinoatrial Block
     
    Persistent sinus arrest that is not due to the use of a drug is often indicative of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) – a disorder of the heart’s electrical impulse formation within the sinus node. The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges. Sinus arrest is a disorder of heart beat impulse formation caused by a slowing down or cessation of spontaneous sinus nodal automaticity – the automatic b …read more

  • Cardiomyopathy in Boxer Dogs

    Ventricular Arrhythmia in Boxer Dogs
     
    Cardiomyopathy is most commonly characterized by an irregular heartbeat. Fainting or even sudden heart failure can occur, and some patients can develop congestive heart failure. Cardiomyopathy is specific to the boxer; however, similar symptoms have also been seen in English bulldogs. It tends to occur in dogs that are at least two years old, although symptoms in dogs as young as six months have been reported. At the same time, some patients don’t demonstrate symptoms until they are older than ten years.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    < ...read more

  • Carnitine Deficiency in Dogs

    L-Carnitine Deficiency in Dogs
     
    L-carnitine is an important nutrient that acts as a transport for fatty acids, essential for the cellular production of energy.
     
    L-carnitine is an important nutrient that acts as a transport for fatty acids, essential for the cellular production of energy. Deficiency of this nutrient can cause a variety of health problems for animals; most significantly, the association with heart disease (cardiomyopathy) in dogs. The heart and skeletal muscles do not synthesize the nutrient on their own, requiring it to be transported there for use. Because of …read more

  • Cataracts in Dogs

    Cloudiness of the Eye Lens in Dogs
     
    Cataract refers to the cloudiness in the crystalline lens of the eye, varying from complete to partial opacity. When the eye lens (located directly behind the iris) is clouded, it prevents light from passing to the retina, which can cause vision loss.
     
    Most cases of cataracts are inherited. For instance, Miniature poodles, American cocker spaniel, miniature schnauzer,

  • Cavities in Dogs

    Dental Caries in Dogs
     
    Dental caries is a condition in which the dental hard tissues decay as the result of oral bacteria on the tooth surface. While dental caries is not common in the domestic pet, it does occur and should be watched for. A 1988 study, reported in the Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, found that 5.3 percent of dogs one year of age or older had one or more caries lesions, with 52 percent of that group having bilaterally symmetrical lesions. Caries can affect the crown or the roots of the teeth, and is classified as pit-and-fissure caries, smooth-surface caries, or root …read more

  • Chemical Imbalance of Urine in Dogs

    Hyposthenuria in Dogs
     
    The normal concentration and regulation of urine normally depends on an elaborate interaction between antidiuretic hormone (ADH), the protein receptor for ADH on the renal tubule (the tube that plays a role in the filtering, reabsorption, and secretion of solutes in the bloodstream), and excessive tension of the tissue within the kidney. Hyposthenuria is a clinical condition in which the urine is chemically imbalanced. This may be due to trauma, abnormal hormone release, or excessive tension in the kidney.
     
    Abnormalities may also occur due to interference …read more

  • Chest Bone Deformity in Dogs

    Pectus Excavatum in Dogs
     
    In pectus excavatum, the sternum and costal cartilages are deformed, resulting in a horizontal narrowing of the chest, primarily on the posterior side. The sternum, or chest bone, is a long flat bone located in the center of the thorax, and the costal cartilages are the cartilages that connect the chest bone with the ends of the ribs. In appearance, the middle of the chest appear to be flat or concave, rather than slightly convex.
     
    Brachycephalic (short-nose) breed dogs are predisposed to this condition and in most cases are born with (congenital) this …read more

  • Chocolate Poisoning in Dogs

    Chocolate Toxicity in Dogs
     
    Dogs are known for eating things when they are not supposed to. This is especially true of puppies. Also, dogs have an excellent sense of smell, making it fairly easy to find any secret hiding spots for the chocolate. This can be a dangerous combination when there is chocolate around the house.
     
    Chocolate is derived from the roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao, which contains certain properties that can be toxic to animals: caffeine and theobromine. If ingested, these two ingredients can also lead to various medical complications and may even …read more

  • Chronic Inflammation of the Anus, Rectum or Perineum Region in Dogs

    Perianal Fistula in Dogs
     
    Perianal fistula is a disorder in which the anus, rectum, and perineal regions of a dog or cat are inflamed and irritated. This disorder is often painful for the animal, as well as progressive.
     
    Dogs and cats are both susceptible to perianal fistulas. If you would like to learn more about how this disorder affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    Symptoms
     
    Some of the common symptoms can include:
     
    …read more

  • Chronic Inflammation of the Bronchi in Dogs

    Bronchitis, Chronic (COPD) in Dogs
     
    Chronic bronchitis, also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), occurs when the mucous membranes of the bronchi (the airways that transport oxygen from the trachea to the lungs) become inflamed. Typically, this leads to a chronic cough that lasts two months or longer — a cough that is not attributable to other causes like heart failure, neoplasia, infections, or other respiratory diseases.
     
    Despite extensive diagnostic efforts by your veterinarian, the specific cause of the inflammation is rarely identified. In addition, toy …read more

  • Chronic Vomiting in Dogs

     
    Chronic vomiting can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    Symptoms 
     
    Symptoms of vomiting include heaving, retching, and partially digested food coming up, along with a yellow fluid called bile. Regurgitating symptoms are fairly passive. The contents being expelled may be in predigested form, tubular in shape, and often covered with a slimy mucus.
    & …read more

  • Cirrhosis and Fibrosis of the Liver in Dogs

     
    Cirrhosis of the liver is the generalized (diffuse) formation of scar tissue, associated with regenerative nodules, or masses, and deranged liver architecture. Fibrosis of the liver, on the other hand, involves the formation of scar tissue that replaces normal liver tissue. This condition can be inherited or acquired. Doberman pinschers, cocker spaniels, and Labrador retrievers are especially susceptible to long-term (chronic) inflammation of the liver; a condition known as chronic hepatitis.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Seizures
    Blindness
    …read more

  • Claw and Nail Disorders in Dogs

    Nail and Nailbed Disorders in Dogs
     
    Nail and nail bed disorders refer to any abnormality or disease that affects the claw or surrounding area, generally known as dystrophy. One type of nail disorders, paronychia, is an infection that causes inflammation around the nail or claw. Fungal infections, such as onychomycosis, can also occur in or around the nail bed.
     
    Dogs may suffer from extremely brittle nails (onychorrhexis), or have nails that slough, peel, or chip away excessively (oychomadesis). Most nail or nail bed disorders have an excellent treatment prognosis and can usuall …read more

  • Cleft Palate in Dogs

    Canine Cleft Palate
     
    A cleft palate is an abnormal opening in the roof of the mouth. It is the result of failure of the two sides of the palate (roof of the mouth) to come together and fuse during embryonic development. A cleft palate results in an opening between the nasal passages and the mouth.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms expected with a cleft palate include:
     

    Runny nose
    Coughing
    Aspiration pneumonia (pneumonia caused by milk and food contents entering the cleft and infecting the lungs)
    …read more

  • Clotting Deficiency (Inherited) in Dogs

    Coagulation Factor Deficiency in Dogs
     
    Coagulation takes place when blood transforms from a free flowing liquid into a thickened gel like state. In this state the gelled blood is called a clot, and it is through clotting that a wound begins to seal. This process is critically important for healing to take place. When your dog is injured and continues to bleed uncontrollably, this may be symptomatic of a defect in one or more of the processes that bring about coagulation. A complex series of enzyme reactions are involved in turning blood from a fluid to a gel. A failure in one of these …read more

  • Clotting Deficiency (Liver Related) in Dogs

    Coagulopathy of Liver Disease in Dogs 
     
    The liver is the primary site of synthesis of coagulation, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic proteins. In fact, only five blood clotting factors are not produced there. Therefore, liver diseases that cause clotting issues in dogs can be very serious and sometimes life-threatening.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Black feces due to digested blood (melena)
    Bright red blood in the feces (

  • Clotting Disorders of the Platelets in Dogs

    Thrombocytopathies in Dogs
     
    Thrombocytopathies are defined as disorders of the blood platelet and abnormal functioning of the platelets. Thrombocytopathic animals are those which typically have normal platelet counts on examination, but have spontaneous or excessive bleeding due to a failure of the platelets to bind to each other, or clot normally. Bleeding from the mucous membranes – nose, mouth ears, anus – is the most common sign. Thrombocytopathies may first become apparent in young animals when excessive bleeding occurs with the loss of baby teeth.
     
    Thrombocyto …read more

  • Collapse During Exercise in Labrador Retrievers

    Exercise Induced Weakness and Collapse in Labrador Retrievers
     
    Labrador retrievers are one of the more active dog breeds. Part of having a Lab in your family is to become accustomed to having a high energy dog that plays and exercises a lot. Most dogs will slow down or stop when they are tired and will have no problems, but some revel so much in activity that they will exercise until they become weak and collapse from exhaustion. This is called exercise induced collapse in Labrador retrievers. Problems usually occur during periods of intense activity or excitement. At other times, th …read more

  • Collapse of the Wind Pipe in Dogs

    Tracheal Collapse in Dogs
     
    The trachea is the large tube that carries air from the nose and throat to the small airways (bronchi) that go to the lungs. Collapse of the trachea occurs when there is a narrowing of the tracheal cavity (lumen) during breathing. This condition may affect the part of the trachea that is located in the neck (cervical trachea), or the lower part of the trachea, located in the chest (intrathoracic trachea).
     
    Though tracheal collapse can occur in dogs of any age or breed, it appears to be more common in Miniature poodles, Yorkshire terriers, Chihuahuas, …read more

  • Collection of Fluid in the Lungs (Not Due to Heart Disease) in Dogs

    Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Dogs 
     
    Noncardiogenic edema is caused by an increased permeability (or the ability to pass through, as by osmosis) of the blood vessels of the lungs. This increased permeability results in the leakage of fluid into the lung, causing edema, or swelling. If this becomes severe, the edema may be accompanied by an inflammatory response and an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lung.
     
    There are several factors which can cause changes in the permeability of the lung’s blood vessels. Dogs that have edema as a result of a brain disord …read more

  • Collie Eye Defect in Dogs

    Collie Eye Anomaly in Dogs
     
    Collie eye anomaly, also referred to as collie eye defect, is an inherited congenital condition. The chromosomes that determine the development of the eyes are mutated, so that the choroid (the collection of blood vessels that absorb scattered light and nourish the retina) is underdeveloped. The mutation can also result in other defects in the eye with more severe consequences, such as retinal detachment. When this mutation does occur, it is always in both eyes, although it might be more severe in one eye than the other. Approximately 70 to 97 percent of rou …read more

  • Colonic or Rectal Inflammation in Dogs

    Colitis and Proctitis in Dogs
     
    Histiocytic ulcerative colitis is a bowel disease that causes the lining of a dog’s colon to thicken, with varying degress of loss to the superficial lining (known as ulceration). The thickening is due to the infiltration of various cells in the layers under the lining. And when the colon becomes inflamed, there is a reduction in the colon’s ability to absorb water and store feces, leading to frequent diarrhea, often with mucus and/or blood. Proctitis, conversely, is the inflammation of the dog’s anus and the lining of the rectum.
     
    Although inflam …read more

  • Colonic Ulcer in Dogs

    Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis in Dogs
     
    Histiocytic ulcerative colitis is an uncommon disease characterized by ulcers in the lining of the colon, and inflammation with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive histiocytes. Histiocytes are the large white blood cells that reside in the normal connective tissue, where they ingest infectious microorganisms and foreign particles. They are an essential component of the immune system. The origin and pathogenic mechanism for this disorder is unknown; however, an infectious cause is assumed.
     
    It affects primarily young boxers, usually less t …read more

  • Conditions Due to Abnormal Secretions from a Tumor in Dogs

    Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Dogs
     
    Paraneoplastic syndromes may be seen in any dog with a malignant (most common) or benign tumor (rare). Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are a group of disorders that result from the abnormal secretions of a hormone or hormone-like product from a cancerous tumor, or from the body’s immune response to the tumor. These secretions affect the related tissues or organs (that is, the tissues and organs that are directly related to the affected organ) and generate an abnormal clinical response in dogs dealing with cancer.
     
    Such a response is not due to t …read more

  • Congenital Heart Defect (Atrial Septal Defect) in Dogs

    Atrial Septal Defect in Dogs
     
    Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart anomaly that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum (the separating wall). Typically, the blood will shunt into the right atrium, causing a volume overload to the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary vasculature, which can sometimes lead to pulmonary hypertension. However, if right-sided pressures are too high, shunting may occur right to left, causing generalized cyanosis.
     
    ASD is more common in cats (9 percent of congenital heart defects) than dogs (0 …read more

  • Congenital Heart Defect (Ebstein?s Anomaly) in Dogs

    Ebstein’s Anomaly in Dogs   Ebstein’s anomaly is the medical name given to a type of congenital heart defect in which the opening of the tricuspid valve (on the right side of the heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle) is displaced toward the apex of the right ventricle of the heart. It is accompanied by various degrees of tricuspid insufficiency, or stenosis (abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel).   An abnormal accessory pathway may lead to rapid heart rhythms. It is very rare, but is occasionally encountered in dogs. A murmur can be heard with a stethoscope at a yo …read more

  • Congenital Heart Defect (Pulmonic Stenosis) in Dogs

    Pulmonic Stenosis in Dogs   Pulmonic stenosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect characterized by the narrowing and obstruction of blood through the heart’s pulmonary valve, which connects the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle (one of the heart’s four chambers). Depending on the severity of the obstruction, it can cause anything from a murmur to an arrhythmia to congestive heart failure.   The breeds most susceptible to this defect include the English bulldog, Scottish terrier, wirehaired fox terrier, miniature schnauzer, West Highland white terrier, Chihuahua, Samoyed, …read more

  • Constipation (Severe) in Dogs

    Megacolon in Dogs
     
    The colon is the section of the large intestine that begins at the cecum, the sac that joins the colon to the end of the small intestine (ileum), and ends where the rectum begins. All are part of the larger digestive tract. The main purpose of the colon is to serve as a temporary storage conduit while it performs the function of extracting useful water and salt from the waste. Megacolon is a condition in which waste is remaining in the colon, causing the diameter of the colon to become abnormally enlarged. It is typically associated with chronic constipation, or obst …read more

  • Constipation in Dogs

    Constipation and Obstipation in Dogs
     
    Infrequent, incomplete, or difficult defecation, with passage of hard or dry bowel movements (feces) is medically referred to as constipation. Obstipation is pronounced constipation that is difficult to manage or does not respond to medical treatment. Obstipation is caused by chronic constipation, prolonged retention of hard, dry bowel movement; defecation becomes impossible in patients with this condition.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Straining to defecate with small or no fecal volume
    Hard, dry bowel movement …read more

  • Coonhound Paralysis In Dogs

    Idiopathic Polyradiculoneuritis in Dogs
     
    Acute canine idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis (ACIP) is a creeping paralysis due to acute inflammation of the nerves. This disease is often seen in dogs that live in North America as well as in those areas where raccoons are present but overall incidence is quite low. Any breed is at risk, but dogs that regularly come into contact with raccoons are at increased risk, such as hunting dogs and dogs that live in rural or wooded areas.
     
    Symptoms presented by ACIP are also classified under a condition referred to as coonhound paralysis. Diagno …read more

  • Coral Snake Bite Poisoning in Dogs

    Coral Snake Venom Toxicosis in Dogs
     
    There are two clinically important subspecies of coral snake in North America: the eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius fulvius, in North Carolina, southern Florida, and west of the Mississippi River; and the Texas coral snake, M. fulvius tenere, found west of Mississippi, in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.
     
    The coral snake is from the Elapidae family of venomous snakes. Elapids have fixed front fangs that are used to inject venom into …read more

  • Corneal Disease (Inherited) in Dogs

    Corneal Dystrophies in Dogs
     
    Corneal dystrophy is an inherited progressive condition which affects both eyes, often in the same way. The cornea, the clear outer layer of the front of the eye, is most affected. This disease is not associated with other diseases, and is relatively common in dogs.
     
    There are three types of corneal dystrophy, categorized by location: epithelial corneal dystrophy, where cell formation is affected; stromal corneal dystrophy, where the cornea will become cloudy; and endothelial corneal dystrophy, where the cells of the lining of the cornea are affecte …read more

  • Corneal Inflammation (Nonulcerative Keratitis) in Dogs

    Nonulcerative Keratitis in Dogs
     
    Nonulcerative keratitis is any inflammation of the cornea that does not retain fluorescein stain, a dye that is used to identify ulcers of the cornea. Keratitis is the medical term given to inflammation of the cornea — the clear outer layer of the front of the eye. If the very top layer of the cornea has been disrupted (as with an ulcer), the dye will enter the lower layers of the cornea and will cause a temporary stain that glows under an ultraviolet light; in nonulcerative keratitis, the top layer of the cornea is not disrupted, so no dye enters the …read more

  • Coughing in Dogs

    Tussis in Dogs
     
    The act of coughing serves as a protective mechanism for preventing the accumulation of secretions and foreign materials inside of the respiratory tract, but coughing can also serve as an early warning sign for respiratory diseases. Coughing is generally a symptom of an underlying problem, such as a respiratory or cardiovascular system disease.
     
    This automatic and involuntary behavior is one of the most powerful reflexes in the body and is essential for keeping the pharynx and airways free of accumulated secretions and foreign material. This is, therefore, a nor …read more

  • Crystals in the Urine of Dogs

    Crystalluria in Dogs
     
    Crystalluria is characterized by the presence of crystals in the urine. Crystals form only in urine that is, or recently has been, supersaturated with crystallogenic substances; thus crystalluria represents a risk factor for kidney stones. The detection of urine crystals is not synonymous with kidney stones or the clinical signs associated with them, nor is detection of urine crystals irrefutable evidence of a stone-forming tendency, but there is some association of an increased risk for kidney stones for animals that are afflicted with crystalluria, and crystals …read more

  • Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

    Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs
     
    The endocrine system is the collective system of organs that control hormones in the body, one of which is the cortisone hormone, responsible for protein and carbohydrate metabolism in the body. When a disorder of the body causes an excess of cortisone levels in the bloodstream, the metabolic process is hampered, leading to gastrointestinal disorders and hypertension, amongst other bodily disturbances. This condition is medically referred to as hyperadrenocorticism, and it is one of the most common endocrine disorders to affect dogs.
     
    One of the ca …read more

  • Cyst on the Gums in Dogs

    Dentigerous Cyst in Dogs
     
    A dentigerous cyst is, literally, a cyst on the tooth. It is characterized by a fluid filled sac, similar in form to a blister, which has originated from the tissue surrounding the crown of an unerupted tooth. It occurs in any breed that is at an increased risk for impaired eruption, such as boxers and bulldogs. It tends to occur in the mandibular (lower jaw) first premolars, and often on both sides (bilateral). This condition is diagnosed if the teeth are unerupted at six months old, but a cyst may not form until later, if ever.
     
    Symptoms and Types
    & …read more

  • Defect of the Ventricular Septum in Dogs

    Ventricular Septal Defect in Dogs
     
    A ventricular septal defect (VSD) causes irregular communication in the ventricular septum, the wall that separates the ventricles (the two lower chambers of the heart) from one another. This results in blood being diverted, or shunted, from one side of the heart to the other. The direction and volume of the shunt are determined by the size of the defect, the relationship of the pulmonary and systemic blood vessel resistances, and the presence of other anomalies.
     
    Most VSDs in small animals are subaortic (below the aortic valve) and have a rig …read more

  • Degeneration of the Cerebellum of the Brain in Dogs

    Cerebellar Degeneration in Dogs

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    …read more

  • Degeneration of the Cornea in Dogs

    Corneal Degenerations and Infiltrations in Dogs
     
    The cornea is the transparent lining that covers the external front of the eyeball; that is, the iris and the pupil (respectively, the colored area that expands and contracts to allow light in, and the lens that transmits the light and image to the brain – the black center). The cornea is continuous with the white part of the eye, the sclera, which covers the rest of the eyeball. Beneath the cornea and the sclera is a layer of connective tissue that supports the eyeball from inside, called the stroma.
     
    Corneal degeneration …read more

  • Degeneration of the Image Forming Part of the Eye in Dogs

    Retinal Degeneration in Dogs
     
    The retina is the tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye, and is the light sensitive part of the eye that acts as the brain’s camera, transmitting images through the rods and cones that are part of its structure, thus enabling the experience of vision. The retina is part of the central nervous system (CNS) and the only part of the CNS that can be easily imaged and examined. In retinal degeneration, the cells of the retina begin to decline in function, thereby leading to impaired vision or even blindness. There are many causes for retinal degenerati …read more

  • Degeneration of the Iris in the Eye in Dogs

    Iris Atrophy in Dogs
     
    The degeneration of the iris — the colored part of the eye — is referred to as iris atrophy. This can be as a result of normal aging or, if due to a secondary type, because of chronic inflammation or high intraocular pressure, which is often associated with glaucoma. Iris atrophy can affect any breed, but appears to be more common in small breed dogs, such as chihuahuas, miniature poodles, and miniature schnauzers.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Vision is not usually affected by iris atrophy, but there may be some sensitivity to light. Other typical symp …read more

  • Degenerative Joint Disease in Dogs

    Osteoarthritis, Arthritis in Dogs 
     
    Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD), is defined as the progressive and permanent long-term deterioration of the cartilage surrounding the joints. Arthritis is the medical term for inflammation of the joints, while osteoarthritis is the term referring to a form of chronic joint inflammation caused by deterioration of joint cartilage. Older dogs are at the highest risk.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease …read more

  • Degenerative Skin Disorder (Necrolytic Dermatitis) in Dogs

    Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis in Dogs   Superficial necrolytic dermatitis is characterized by the deterioration and death of skin cells. High levels of the hormone glucagon in the blood — which stimulates production of blood sugar in response to low blood sugar levels — and deficiencies in amino acids, zinc, and essential fatty acid are believed to play a role in superficial necrolytic dermatitis, either directly or indirectly.   Superficial necrolytic dermatitis is uncommon in dogs and rare in cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please v …read more

  • Dementia (Geriatric) in Dogs

    Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome  in Dogs
     
    Cognitive dysfunction syndrome is a condition related to the aging of a dog’s brain, which ultimately leads to changes in awareness, deficits in learning and memory, and decreased responsiveness to stimuli. Although the initial symptoms of the disorder are mild, they gradually worsen over time, also known as “cognitive decline.” In fact, clinical signs of cognitive dysfunction syndrome are found in 50 percent of dogs over the age of 11, and by the age of 15, 68 percent of dogs display at least one sign.
     
    Symptoms and Typ …read more

  • Destruction of the Pituitary Gland in Dogs

    Hypopituitarism in Dogs
     
    Several hormones are produced by the pituitary gland, any one or more of which may be lacking. The resultant condition, hypopituitarism, is associated with low production of hormones that are produced by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located near the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. Of these hormones, some of the more clinically significant ones are the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); the adrenocorticotropin hormone (produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex); the luteinizing hormone (stimulates secretio …read more

  • Destructive Behavior in Dogs

     
    It is normal for dogs to chew on things, dig, and be protective over their territory.
     
    It is normal for dogs to chew on things, dig, and be protective over their territory. Dogs are diagnosed with destructive tendencies when they destroy things we don’t want them to, such as furniture, shoes, doors, or carpets. Not all destructive behavior is the same, however. When a dog chews on the wrong things or digs in the wrong place but does not have any other symptoms, this is considered a primary destructive behavior. Dogs that have other symptoms like anxiety, fear, or aggressi …read more

  • Diabetes (Hepatopathy) in Dogs

    Diabetic Hepatopathy in Dogs
     
    Diabetic hepatopathy is a disease of the liver which causes lesions to develop on the liver. It is associated with diabetes mellitus, and for unknown reasons, this type of liver disease is also associated with lesions on the skin. One of the possibilities may be a link to metabolic system and a change in the organ systems.
     
    This is a relatively uncommon disease and there is no breed that is more disposed than others, but it does tend to affect predominantly male dogs that are middle-aged to older.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    …read more

  • Diabetes in Dogs

    Diabetes Mellitus Without Complication in Dogs
     
    Diabetes mellitus is a diseased state by which the body suffers from either an absolute shortage of insulin (Type I), or from an incorrect response from the cells to the insulin that is being produced, a condition termed insulin resistance (Type II). Both of these conditions will prevent the muscles and organs from converting glucose to energy, and will result in excessive amounts of glucose in the blood, which is also referred to as hyperglycemia.
     
    Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism caused by an a …read more

  • Diabetes with Coma in Dogs

    Diabetes Mellitus with Hyperosmolar Coma in Dogs
     
    The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen, near the stomach. Under normal circumstances, the pancreas makes insulin, a polypeptide hormone that helps to control blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body. When a dog eats food, its blood sugar rises in accordance with the sugars in the food (whether they are natural sugars or not). The pancreas then makes insulin to lower the blood sugar levels to a healthy level. In this way, the other organs in the body are able to absorb and use this sugar for energy.
     
    In the case of diabe …read more

  • Diabetes with Ketone Bodies in Dogs

    Diabetes Mellitus with Ketoacidosis in Dogs
     
    Diabetes is a medical condition in which the body cannot absorb sufficient glucose, thus causing a rise the blood sugar levels. The term “ketoacidosis,” meanwhile, refers to a condition in which levels of acid abnormally increased in the blood due to presence of “ketone bodies”. In diabetes with ketoacidosis, ketoacidosis immediately follows diabetes. It should be considered a dire emergency, one in which immediate treatment is required to save the life of the animal.
     
    This condition typically affects older do …read more

  • Diarrhea (Long-term) in Dogs

    Chronic Diarrhea in Dogs
     
    Chronic diarrhea is a change in the frequency, consistency and volume of the dog’s feces for more than three weeks. Starting in the small or large intestine, diarrhea can either be secretory (where it is very watery) or osmotic (not watery), and is due to various reasons, including diet, disease, or infection.
     
    Chronic diarrhea can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the P …read more

  • Diarrhea (Sudden) in Dogs

    Acute Diarrhea in Dogs
     
    Diarrhea has four general reasons for occurring: osmotic imbalances, over secretion, intestinal exudation or motility disorders. Osmotic imbalances occur when the concentration of food molecules in the intestine is too high. Water is drawn into the intestine by the excess molecules, causing diarrhea. Over secretion occurs when the intestine secretes too much fluid after being exposed to bacteria or toxins. Intestinal exudation describes a slow oozing of blood fluids through ulcers or other breaks in the intestine’s tissue layers. This exudation can be mild …read more

  • Diarrhea Due to Clostridium perfringens in Dogs

    Clostridial Enterotoxicosis in Dogs
     
    Clostridial enterotoxicosis is an intestinal syndrome brought on by abnormally high levels of Clostridium perfringens bacterium, a bacteria found commonly inhabiting decaying vegetation and marine sediment. It can also be acquired from raw or improperly cooked meats and poultry, and meats that have been left out in the open. There is also evidence that dogs can acquire this infection from being with other dogs, such as when boarded at a kennel.
     
    Generally, the implications of the clostridial enterotoxicosis are limited to infections …read more

  • Dietary Reactions in Dogs

    Gastrointestinal Food Reactions in Dogs
     
    Gastrointestinal food reactions involve abnormal clinical symptoms to a particular diet. A dog that is experiencing a food reaction is unable to digest, absorb, and/or utilize a particular foodstuff.
     
    It is important to note that these reactions are not due to food allergies, which involve an immune reaction to a particular component of a diet. However, both food reactions and food allergy share common symptoms, causes, diagnostics, and even treatments, making it a challenge for an attending veterinarian to differentiate between the two. …read more

  • Difficult Defecation and Blood in Stool in Dogs

    Dyschezia and Hematochezia in Dogs
     
    Dyschezia and Hematochezia are diseases of the digestive and intestinal system; both are visible presentations of an underlying disease that causes inflammation or irritation of the rectum or anus.
     
    Dyschezia is a condition in which defecation is extremely difficult or painful, and hematochezia is symptomized by bright red blood in the stool. Hematochezia can also be concurrent with diseases of the colon.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Crying and whimpering during defecation
    Straining to defecate

  • Diseases of the Orbit of the Eye in Dogs

    Exophthalmos, Enophthalmos, and Strabismus in Dogs
     
    Exophthalmos, enophthalmos, and strabismus are all diseases which cause the dog’s eyeball to be abnormally positioned.
     
    With exophthalmos, the dog’s eyeball protrudes, or bulges, from the orbit of the eye. This may be due to a space-occupying mass behind the eyeball. Enophthalmos, meanwhile, causes the eyeball to recess, or sink, into the skull. Lastly, strabismus is when an affected animal’s eye appears to look off at a different angle, unable to focus in the same direction as the other eye. This can occur with one or both ey …read more

  • Diseases of the Skin on the Nose in Dogs

    Nasal Dermatoses in Dogs
     
    Many diseases affect the skin on the noses of dogs. This includes bacterial or fungal infections of the skin, or mites. These diseases may affect the bridge of the nose where there is hair, or the smooth part of the nose, where there is no hair. Often, it is the portion of the nose that has hair that is affected. In the case of systemic diseases like lupus or other autoimmune ailments, the whole muzzle is involved. Some systemic diseases cause the part of the nose where there is no hair to lose its pigment or develop ulcers.
     
    A rare condition caused by …read more

  • Dislocated Eye Lens in Dogs

    Lens Luxation in Dogs
     
    Lens luxation occurs when the lens capsule separates 360° from the zonules (the fiber-like processes that extend from the ciliary body to the capsule of the lens of the eye) that hold the lens in place, resulting in the total dislocation of the lens from its normal location. If it occurs at the front of the eye, it comes forward through the pupil into the front chamber. If it goes to the back (posterior), it goes into the posterior segment/vitreous chamber.
     
    Lens luxation is primarily seen in adults dogs between the ages of four and nine. Some breeds …read more

  • Distemper in Dogs

    Canine Distemper in Dogs
     
    Canine distemper is a contagious and serious viral illness with no known cure. The disease affects dogs, and certain species of wildlife, such as raccoons, wolves, foxes, and skunks. The common house pet, the ferret, is also a carrier of this virus. Canine distemper belongs to the Morbillivirus class of viruses, and is a relative of the measles virus, which affects humans, the Rinderpest virus that affects cattle, and the Phocine virus that causes seal distemper. All are members of the Paramyxoviridae family. Young, unvaccin …read more

  • Do Carrots Naturally Improve Your Dog’s Vision?

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  • Dog Abdominal Cavity Inflammation – Dog Peritoneal Cavity

    Peritonitis in Dogs
     
    The abdominal cavity is lined with a thin, watery membrane, called the peritoneum. When the dog’s  abdominal cavity, also called the peritoneal cavity, is injured, the peritoneum becomes inflamed.
     
    The severity of the inflammation depends on the type of injury the peritoneal cavity has undergone. Peritonitis is frequently a painful condition, and the affected dog will respond when it is touched on its abdomen.
     
    Peritonitis can affect both dogs and cats. To learn more about how it affects cats, please visit

  • Dog Diarrhea Treatment And Cures – Diarrhea (Antibiotic-Responsive) in Dogs

    Antibiotic-Responsive Diarrhea in Dogs
     
    Veterinarians find it controversial to give antibiotics to treat diarrhea, but when antibiotics do resolve diarrhea, veterinarians speculate that the cause of this kind of diarrhea was from a small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. However, it is not known why some types of diarrhea are responsive to antibiotic while others are not. Current theories as to its cause focus on the possibility of immune dysregulation possibly associated with abnormal CD4+ T cells (immune cells), IgA plasma cells (antibodies), and cytokine (a chemical messenger) expre …read more

  • Dog Flu

    Canine Influenza in Dogs
     
    The virus that causes dog flu, Influenza Type A (H3N8), was first identified in Florida in 2004. It primarily infects the respiratory system and is extremely contagious. A vaccine was granted full license by the United States Department of Agriculture in 2009 (Nobivac® Canine Flu H3N8). Some dogs can be exposed to the virus and fight off infection without showing clinical signs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Dogs that are infected with the canine influenza virus may develop two different syndromes: 
     

    Mild – These dog …read more

  • Dogs and Motion Sickness

    Gastrointestinal Distress Related to Motion in Dogs
     
    Much like humans who experience a feeling of illness while in on car trips, dogs and cats can also get a queasy stomach when traveling in the car (or even by boat or air).
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Dogs show their uneasiness in various ways. The first signs of motion sickness may be a constant licking of the lips, followed by excessive drooling; yawning; whining or crying out in distress; immobility or acting afraid to move; and finally, < ...read more

  • Droopy Eye in Dogs

    Horner’s Syndrome in Dogs
     
    Horner’s syndrome is a nerve disorder that is characterized by a drooping eye, an eyelid that is protruding from the eye, or a severely constricted eye pupil. Any brain or spinal injury may cause this syndrome, and it has also been linked to conditions affecting the middle ear, but in many cases the origin remains unknown. The cause of Horner’s syndrome remains elusive in most cases, and it may affect any breed of dog, though it appears to be more common in male golden retrievers.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Smaller si …read more

  • Drowning (Near Drowning) in Dogs

    Hypoxemia Due to Aspiration of Water in Dogs
     
    Near-drowning is determined by an event that involves prolonged submersion in water, followed by survival for at least 24 hours afterward. Following submersion, typical symptoms include elevated carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream, stimulated respiration, and subsequent aspiration of water into the lungs. In rare cases, hyperventilation prior to submersion, or laryngospasm (spasmodic closing of the larynx) may prevent aspiration of water, an involuntary reaction that can lead to a condition called dry drowning.
     
    There are four …read more

  • Dry Eye Syndrome in Dogs

    Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Dogs
     
    Sometimes called dry eye syndrome, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is characterized by a deficiency of aqueous tear film over the surface of the eye and in the lining of the lids. The result is severe drying and inflammation of the cornea (the transparent front part of the eye) and conjunctiva (the clear membrane that covers the sclera — the white part of the eye).
     
    This condition is relatively common in dogs, particularly cocker spaniels, bulldogs, West Highland white terriers, Lhasa apsos, and shih-tzus. In addition, there is some suspici …read more

  • E. Coli infection in Dogs

    Colibacillosis in Dogs
     
    Colibacillosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, which normally resides in the lower intestines of most warm blooded mammals, including dogs. Normally, the presence of E. coli is benign, and even beneficial, but in some cases it can cause a diseased condition, especially in newborn puppies.
     
    E. coli infection is most commonly seen in puppies in the first weeks of life. In the first day after giving birth, bitches produce a watery milk that is rich in antibodies. This mil …read more

  • Ear Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Ceruminous Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Ear in Dogs
     
    More common in cats than dogs, ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma is the primary malignant tumor of the sweat glands that is found in the external auditory canal. Though rare, it is one of the most common malignant tumor of the ear canal in older dogs. And while it may be locally invasive, it has a low rate of distant metastasis (spreading of the cancer).
     
    In addition, there is no known gender predisposition for this type of tumor, but

  • Ear Cancer in Dogs

    Auricular Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs
     
    Dogs can be afflicted with several types of skin tumors, including on the ears. One type of tumor that can affect the ears is a squamous cell carcinoma. A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can be described as a malignant and particularly invasive tumor that takes hold in the scale like cells of the epithelium – the tissue that covers the body or lines the cavities of the body. These scale like tissue cells are called the squamous.
     
    Carcinoma is, by definition, an especially malignant and persistent form of cancer, often returning aft …read more

  • Ear Cysts (Cholesteatoma) in Dogs

    Cholesteatoma in Dogs
     
    Dogs have an “L” shaped ear canal. At the bottom end of the “L” is the eardrum (tympanic membrane), and behind the eardrum is the middle ear. When the ear becomes infected, only the outer, “L” shaped portion of the ear is usually affected, a condition referred to as otitis externa. Sometimes, the middle ear will become infected as well, in a condition referred to as otitis media. Infections of the middle ear can occur if the eardrum is ruptured or if an infection of the outer ear goes on for a long time. When middle ear infections g …read more

  • Ear Hematoma in Dogs

    Canine Aural Hematoma
     
     
    Ear hematomas, also known as auricular hematomas or aural hematomas, occur when blood accumulates in the flap (or pinna) of the ear.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Ear hematomas are characterized by a swelling of the ear flap. In most cases, only one ear will be affected. However, it is possible for both ears to have hematomas. The swelling may involve the entire ear flap or it may cover only part of the ear flap.
     
    Causes
     
    The most common cause of an ear hematoma in dogs is an ear infection or other irritation within the ear. Ear inf …read more

  • Early Contractions and Labor in Dogs

    Premature Labor in Dogs
     
    There are several conditions that can cause a pregnant dog, or dam, to experience premature contractions leading to preterm delivery of puppies. Bacterial infections, viral infections, death of one or more fetuses, ovarian cysts, hormonal imbalances, injury, malnutrition, a change in environment/moving, and basically any kind of stress that can send a dog into mental and physical distress can lead to early labor. In some cases, a dog’s breed may genetically predispose it to preterm labor.
     
    Preterm delivery in dogs is defined by a birth that occurs befor …read more

  • Early Death in Puppies

    Fading Syndrome (Neonatal Mortality) in Puppies   Newborn puppies are born with an immature immune system that needs to be built up over time, starting with their mother’s milk. Because of their immature body organs and systems, puppies are prone to various insults, including infections and environmental, nutritional, and metabolic factors. Also, young animals do not yet have strong body temperature regulation, and their body temperature can fluctuate profoundly in response to changing environmental temperatures and humidity. Glucose control may also be poor, and blood glucose levels may …read more

  • Electric Cord Bite Injury in Dogs

    Electrocution in Dogs
     
    While we generally never give our appliances a second thought, they can be very dangerous for playful and inquisitive young dogs. Electrocution from chewing on an electrical cord is the single most common type of electrical injury for household pets. These types of injuries can result in burns to the surrounding areas (e.g., mouth, hair), or because the current alters the electrical conduction in the heart, muscles, and other tissues. Possible complications of electric cord bite injuries are fluid accumulation in the lungs (

  • Electrolyte Disturbance in Dogs

    Hypophosphatemia in Dogs
     
    In patients that are being treated with insulin for diabetic ketoacidosis (a condition in which the body burns fatty acids and produces acidic ketone bodies in response to insulin shortage) or are undergoing refeeding with glycolysis (synthesized glucose) for treatment of starvation, a resulting rapid production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP, a nucleotide that transports chemical energy within cells) can lead to relocation of phosphorus from the blood serum into cells. The resulting low concentration of phosphorus that is caused by shifts of phosphorus from t …read more

  • Elevated Sex Hormones in Dogs

    Hyperandrogenism in Dogs
     
    Hyperandrogenism in dogs is a rare syndrome characterized by elevations of masculinizing sex hormones such as testosterone and its derivatives in the blood serum. It is most frequently documented in intact male dogs.
     
    In males, androgens are produced by the interstitial cells (cells in the small spaces between tissue) of the testes and are responsible for normal male sexual development. Androgens promote masculine behavior and physical development, such as spermatogenesis – the formation of sperm. Androgens include the steroid hormones testostero …read more

  • Enlarged Gums in Dogs

    Gingival Hyperplasia in Dogs
     
    Gingival hyperplasia refers to a medical conditon in which a dog’s gum (gingival) tissue becomes inflamed and enlarged. Enlargement is typically caused by irritation due to dental plaque or other bacterial growth along the gum line. In many cases, this can be prevented with good oral hygiene habits. This enlargement is typical in dogs, and while it can occur in any breed, Boxers, Great Danes, Collies, Doberman Pinschers, and Dalmatians appear to be especially prone to developing an inflammation of the gums.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

  • Enlarged Heart (Dilated Cardiomyopathy) in Dogs

    Heart Muscle Disease in Dogs
     
    Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that is characterized by an enlarged heart that does not function properly. With DCM, both the upper and lower chambers of the heart become enlarged, with one side being more severely affected than the other. When the ventricle, or lower chamber, becomes enlarged, its ability to pump blood out into the lungs and body deteriorates. When the heart’s ventricle does not pump enough blood into the lungs, fluid begins to accumulate in the lungs. An enlarged heart soon becomes overloaded, and thi …read more

  • Enlarged Liver in Dogs

    Hepatomegaly in Dogs
     
    The term hepatomegaly is used to describe an abnormally enlarged liver. Often occurring due to certain diseases and conditions that can either directly or indirectly affect the functioning of the liver, the liver organ may increase in size, taking on a diseased condition of its own. 
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Puppies normally have larger livers in respect to their body mass as compared to adult dogs. However, hepatomegaly is most commonly diagnosed in older dogs. Depending on the underlying cause, the enlargement may involve the whole liver or on …read more

  • Enlarged Spleen in Dogs

    Splenomegaly in Dogs
     
    Splenomegaly refers to the enlargement of the spleen. This medical condition can occur in all breeds and genders, but middle-aged dogs and larger breeds tend to be more prone. It is also not usually directly related to the spleen, but rather a symptom of another disease or condition. Treatment options will be recommended based upon the cause of the splenomegaly.
     
    Symptoms and Types  
     
    An enlarged spleen may lead to such symptoms as:

    Diarrhea
    Vomiting
    Lack of appetite
    Abdominal pain
    …read more

  • Enlargement of Esophagus in Dogs

    Megaesophagus in Dogs
     
    Megaesophagus is a generalized enlargement of the esophagus — a muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach — with a decreased to absent motility. Esophageal motility is required for moving food and liquid down to the stomach.
     
    Megaesophagus is seen more often in dogs as compared to cats. Some breeds are born (congenital) with this problem; for example, wire haired fox terriers and miniature schnauzers. Other breeds reported to be predisposed to this co …read more

  • Estrus Symptoms after Spaying in Dogs

    Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Dogs
     
    Surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries in a female dog is called an ovariohysterectomy. This type of surgery results in the cessation of subsequent estrus (heat) symptoms in the female. However, sometimes after an ovariohysterectomy, some female dogs continue to exhibit the behavioral and/or physical signs pertaining to estrus. This is typically found to be the result of ovary tissue being left behind. If such tissue remains functional and continues to secrete hormones, behavioral and/or physical signs of estrus in the female dog are seen. Such sym …read more

  • Ethanol Poisoning in Dogs

    Ethanol Toxicosis in Dogs
     
    Ethanol poisoning (toxicosis) occurs from exposure to the chemical ethanol, either orally or through the skin, and results most commonly in a depression of the central nervous system — expressed in the animal as drowsiness, lack of coordination or unconsciousness. Other effects may include damage to body cells, and symptoms such as incontinence, slowed heart rate, and even heart attack.
     
    Ethanol poisoning is seen frequently in dogs, and occurs due to exposure to dyes, inks, disinfectants, mouthwashes, paints, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, gasoline, and …read more

  • Excess Acidity in the Blood in Dogs

    Renal Tubular Acidosis in Dogs
     
    Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a rare syndrome, characterized by an excess of acids in the dog’s blood. This is due to the kidney’s inability to excrete sufficient acid through the urine. Dogs with RTA will also have abnormal levels of potassium in the blood. This condition occurs as a part of the metabolic process, by which food is transformed into energy. And although RTA is seen in both cats and dogs, it rarely occurs in cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit Excess Blood Cells in the Eye In Dogs

    Hypopyon and Lipid Flare in Dogs
     
    An inflammatory breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier that allows for entry of blood cells into the front (anterior) chamber of the eye, further allowing for an accumulation of white blood cells in this this chamber, is characteristic of a condition known as hypopyon. Chemoattractants, the chemical substances that influence the migration of cells, can act as a conveyor for this cellular movement. The cells often settle in place because of gravity, forming a fluid line in the lower front chamber of the eye.
     
    Lipid flare, on the other hand, rese …read more

  • Excess Calcium in the Blood in Dogs

    Hypercalcemia in Dogs
     
    Behind the thyroid gland in the neck, there lie four parathyroid glands which secrete the hormone the body needs to regulate calcium and phosphorus. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D interactions work to release calcium from the bones, gut, and kidneys for deposit into the bloodstream. When these interactions are disturbed, or when cancerous cells secrete hormones that interfere with calcium regulation, hypercalcemia can result. Hypercalcemia is characterized by an abnormally high amount of calcium in the blood. A dog is considered hypercalcemic when its total s …read more

  • Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Blood in Dogs

    Hypercapnia in Dogs
     
    Hypercapnia is characterized by an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. Carbon dioxide is a normal part of the atmosphere, and a normal component of the chemical make-up of the mammalian body. Carbon dioxide is the end product of aerobic cellular metabolism (the function of cells that require oxygen to operate). It is considered the primary drive to breath, by stimulation of central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata (the lower portion of the brainstem). It is carried in the blood in three forms: 65 percent is as a bicarbon …read more

  • Excess Chloride in the Blood in Dogs

    Hyperchloremia in Dogs
     
    The condition known as hyperchloremia refers to abnormally high levels of chloride (an electrolyte) in the blood. Electrolytes play important roles within the dog’s body: helping in heart and nervous system functions, fluid balance, delivery of oxygen, and much more. For every electrolyte a very delicate chemical balance is required, and each electrolyte has a specific normal range in the body.
     
    The electrolyte chloride, for example, is responsible in part for metabolism (turning food into energy), and keeping the body’s acid base balanced. Chloride exis …read more

  • Excess Iron in the Blood in Dogs

    Iron Toxicity in Dogs
     
    In the event that there is a high volume of iron present in the blood, damage can occur within the cells. While iron is an essential nutrient for the regular functioning of a dog’s body, when it is present in large quantities in the bloodstream, it can become lethal. Dogs may be ingesting unhealthy amounts of iron when they are being given multivitamins that are not appropriate for their age, size or health status, or when they are ingesting dietary supplements or pregnancy supplements that have been left within their reach but that are not intended for them.&nbs …read more

  • Excess Magnesium in the Blood in Dogs

    Hypermagnesemia in Dogs
     
    Magnesium is found mostly in bones and muscles, and is required for many smooth metabolic functions. However, abnormally high levels of magnesium in the blood can result in serious complications, like impaired nerve impulses and cardiac problems. This health issue is called hypermagnesemia.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Hypermagnesemia leads to the progressive loss of respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, and muscle functions — all of which can be fatal in the dog. Other symptoms associated with this issue include:
     

    Nausea
    …read more

  • Excess Phosphorous in the Blood in Dogs

    Hyperphosphatemia in Dogs
     
    Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which abnormally elevated levels of phosphate are present in the dog’s blood. It can occur at any age but is more common in puppies or old dogs with kidney problems. Additionally, dogs with bone diseases and calcium deficiency are susceptible to hyperphosphatemia.
     
    Hyperphosphatemia can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how the condition affects cats, please visit this pag …read more

  • Excess Protein in the Urine of Dogs

    Proteinuria in Dogs
     
    Abnormally high protein levels in the urine may easily corrected when it is attributed to the dog’s diet. But when it is because of the medical condition known as proteinuria, it can be quite serious and should be immediately addressed.
     
    Proteinuria can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Other than the abnormally high protein levels in the urine, ther …read more

  • Excess Sodium in the Blood in Dogs

    Hypernatremia in Dogs
     
    Electrolytes are very important for many functions in the body. They are required for normal heart and brain functions, fluid balance, to deliver oxygen, and many more. A very delicate balance is required, for each electrolyte has a specific level in the body. Sodium is required for many vital functions in the body including: the regulation of blood pressure, blood volume, the transmission of nerve impulses (signals), as well as the maintenance of acid/base balance in the body.
     
    The term hypernatremia means higher than normal concentrations of sodium in b …read more

  • Excess Thyroid Hormone in Dogs

    Hyperthyroidism in Dogs
     
    Hyperthyroidism is a disease caused by overproduction of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone that increases metabolism in the body. The thyroid gland normally produces thyroid hormones in response to stimulation by the pituitary gland, the “master gland” of the body. Thyroid hormones normally increase chemical processes occurring within the cells of the body, especially those related to metabolism; however, in hyperthyroidism, the excessive hormone levels push the cells and body into overdrive, resulting in increased metabolism with concurrent weight loss, a …read more

  • Excessive Bacteria in the Small Intestine in Dogs

    Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
     
    Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is a disorder which causes an abnormal amount of bacteria to accumulate in the small intestine. While it is common for this organ to have bacteria, it can become a problem when the count is too high. This can then affect the normal intestinal functions, causing loose stools and weight loss. Often clearing up within a few days, and up to a few weeks, treatment options give this bacterial infection an excellent prognosis.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Common symptoms include loose stools, rapid weight los …read more

  • Excessive Blood Clotting in Dogs

    Hypercoagulability in Dogs
     
    Hypercoagulability has several causes, but in essence it reflects a greater amount of procoagulants than anticoagulants in the blood. This means that the blood coagulates (clots) abnormally more than usual.
     
    Blood platelets are minute, disc shaped cell fragments in the blood that are responsible for clotting the blood. Too many active platelets, or too few active platelets, can result in severe health disorders. One of the possible causes of hypercoagulability is when there are too many active platelets in the blood. The end result of hypercoagulabil …read more

  • Excessive Blood Clotting in Dogs

    Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Dogs
     
    Clotting factors, such as proteins in the blood plasma, are components of the bloodstream, coordinating with platelet cells to stop bleeding at the site of an injury by forming into a gel-like plug. Platelets are normal cell fragments that originate in the bone marrow and travel in the blood as it circulates through the body. Platelets act to plug tears in the blood vessels and stop bleeding.
     
    Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a bleeding problem in which clotting factors are activated with an absence of injury. …read more

  • Excessive Potassium in the Blood in Dogs

    Hyperkalemia in Dogs
     
    Hyperkalemia is expressed by markedly higher than normal concentrations of potassium in the blood. Normally eliminated in the kidneys, potassium and its increased acidity in the dog’s blood can have a direct impact on the heart’s ability to function normally, making this a high priority condition. Elimination is enhanced by aldosterone, a hormone that causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water. Therefore, conditions that can inhibit renal elimination of potassium can be a direct cause of hyperkalemia.
     
    Meanwhile, pseudohyperkalemia — …read more

  • Excessive Production of Saliva in Dogs

    Ptyalism in Dogs
     
    Ptyalism is a condition characterized by the excessive flow of saliva, also referred to as hypersalivation. Pseudoptyalism (i.e., false ptyalism), on the other hand, is the release of excess saliva that has accumulated in the oral cavity. Saliva is constantly produced and secreted into the oral cavity from the salivary glands. Production of saliva increases because of excitation of the salivary nuclei in the brain stem. The stimuli that lead to this are taste and touch sensations involving the mouth and tongue. Higher centers in the central nervous system can also exc …read more

  • Excessive Vocalization in Dogs

    Disruptive Crying, Whining and Barking in Dogs
     
    Excessive vocalization refers to uncontrollable, excessive barking, whining or crying, often occurring at inappropriate times of the night or day. Such vocalization can be due to pain, illness, cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS), or may be related to a decline in hearing in senior pets.
     
    CDS is often associated with night waking, during which excessive vocalization occurs. Dogs that are bred for work and high energy activities may be prone to excess barking.
     
    Excessive barking may also be related to behavioral conditions …read more

  • Extreme Fear and Anxiety in Dogs

    Fears, Phobias, and Anxieties in Dogs
     
    Fear is the instinctual feeling of apprehension resulting from a situation, person, or object presenting an external threat — whether real or perceived. The response of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for the freeze, fight, or flight syndrome. It is considered to be a normal behavior, essential for adaptation and survival; its context determines whether the fear response is normal, or abnormal and inappropriate. Most abnormal reactions are learned and can be unlearned with gradual exposure.
     
    Moreover, the persistent and exc …read more

  • Eye Defects (Congenital) in Dogs

    Congenital Ocular Anomalies in Dogs
     
    Congenital abnormalities of the eyeball or its surrounding tissue are generally evident shortly after a puppy’s birth, but may develop within the first six to eights weeks of life. Most defects are genetically inherited; for example, persistent pupillary membrane (PPM), which occurs when strands of fetal tissue remain on the eye after birth, is more prone in Basenjis, Pembroke and Cardigan Welsh Corgis, chow chows, and mastiffs.
     
    Meanwhile, persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis (PHTVL) and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous …read more

  • Eye Displacement in Dogs

    Proptosis in Dogs
     
    Proptosis is a medical condition which causes a dog’s eye to move forward. This typically noticeable (and unseemly) medical condition is frequently associated with head trauma, and often threatens the dog’s vision. Therefore, immediate veterinary examination and treatment is vital to restoring or saving the dog’s eyesight.
     
    Proptosis affects both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
      …read more

  • Eye Infection in Newborn Dogs

    Ophthalmia Neonatorium in Dogs
     
    Puppies can develop infections of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the eyeball, or of the cornea, the transparent front surface coating of the eyeball. The infection will typically take place after the top and bottom eyelids separate and open, at about 10 to 14 days of age.
     
    Often the source of the infection is from infectious vaginal discharge that is transmitted at birth, but an unhygienic environment can also lead to infection in newborns. Staphylococcus spp. bacteria, or Streptococcus spp. b …read more

  • Eye Inflammation (Anterior Uveitis) in Dogs

    Anterior Uveitis in Dogs
     
    When the uvea, the dark tissue at the front of the eye that contains the blood vessels, becomes inflamed, it creates a painful condition that is clinically referred to as anterior uveitis (which means, literally, inflammation of the front of the eye). This condition affects the dog’s iris and the surrounding pupil tissue, which in turn, could threaten your dog’s vision.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Pain
    Redness of the eye
    Excessive tears
    Discharge
    Squinting
    Pupil …read more

  • Eye Inflammation (Blepharitis) in Dogs

    Blepharitis in Dogs
     
    Blepharitis refers to a condition that involves inflammation of the outer skin and middle (muscle, connective tissue, and glands) portions of the eyelids. This condition is also usually seen with the secondary inflammation of the inner surface of the eyelid (palpebral conjunctiva).
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Scaly, flaky skin near the eye
    Intense itching, scratching of the eye
    Watery, mucous or pus containing eye discharge
    Edema and thickening of the eyelids
    Abraded area(s) where the …read more

  • Eye Inflammation (Choroid and Retina) in Dogs

    Chorioretinitis in Dogs
     
    Chorioretinitis is a medical condition that affects the eyes; the term refers to inflammation of the choroid and retina. The retina is a layered membrane that lines the inner eyeball and which contains the light-sensitive rods, cones, and cells that convert images into signals and send messages to the brain to allow for vision. The choroid is located immediately under the retina and is part of the middle layer of the eyeball that contains the blood vessels. The choroid is also called the posterior uvea., which is the entire middle layer of the eyeball that cont …read more

  • Eye Inflammation (Conjunctivitis) in Dogs

    Conjunctivitis in Dogs
     
    The conjunctiva is the moist tissue that covers the front part of the eyeball and lines the eyelids. Breeds that tend to have allergies or autoimmune skin diseases tend to have more problems with inflammation of the conjunctiva. They are also more likely to have dry eyes, the result of a disease in which the animal is allergic to substances in the environment, such as pollen, that would not normally cause health problems. Otherwise, there does not appear to be a breed predilection for this disease.
     
    Conjunctivitis can affects both dogs and cats. If you w …read more

  • Eye Injuries in Dogs

    Corneal and Scleral Lacerations in Dogs
     
    The cornea is the transparent outer layer at the front (anterior) of the eye. The sclera, the white of the eye, is composed of a tough covering that protects the eyeball. In medical terms, a penetrating injury is a wound, or foreign object that enters the eye but does not completely pass through the cornea or sclera. A perforating injury, on the other hand, is a wound or foreign body that completely passes through the cornea or the sclera. Needless to say, the latter is a greater risk to vision.
     
    In medical terms, a simple injury involve …read more

  • Eye Ulcer in Dogs

    Ulcerative Keratitis in Dogs
     
    The cornea — the transparent part of the eye –forms a cover over the iris and pupil. It also admits light to the inside of the eye. A corneal ulcer occurs when deeper layers of the cornea are lost; these ulcers are classified as superficial or deep. If your dog’s eyes are tearing excessively, or it is squinting, there is a possibility of a corneal ulcer (or ulcerative keratitis).
     
    Symptoms
     

    Red, painful eye
    Watery eye
    Squinting
    Sensitivity to light
    Rubbing at the ey …read more

  • Eyelash Disorders in Dogs

    Trichiasis, Distichiasis, and Ectopic Cilia in Dogs
      
    Trichiasis, distichiasis, and ectopic cilia are eyelash disorders that are found in dogs. Trichiasis is in-growth of the eyelashes; distichiasis is an eyelash that grows from an abnormal spot on the eyelid; and ectopic cilia are single or multiple hairs that grow through the inside of the eyelid. In all of these conditions, the eyelash hair can come into contact with and damage the cornea or conjunctiva of the eye.
     
    These conditions are commonly seen in young dogs but dogs of any age or breed may be affected. However, t …read more

  • Eyelid Protrusion (‘Cherry Eye’) in Dogs

    Prolapsed Gland of the Third Eyelid in Dogs
     
    Prolapsed gland of the eyelid refers to a pink mass protruding from the animal’s eyelid; it is also called a “cherry eye.” Normally, the gland development is anchored by an attachment made up of fibrous material.
     
    This medical condition occurs in both dogs and cats, although it typically affects younger animals. If you would like to learn how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    …read more

  • Failure to Absorb Vitamin B12 in Dogs

    Cobalamin Malabsorption
     
    Cobalamin malabsorption refers to a genetic abnormality by which the vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, fails to be absorbed from the intestine. This condition occurs secondary to the absence of a specific binding receptor in the lower intestine (the ileum) for intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex (IF-cbl). This is a rare disease that tends to affect Giant Schnauzers, Border Collies, and Beagles. In the Giant Schnauzer, it is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait. Symptoms generally appear at 6 to …read more

  • Failure to Thrive in Collie Dogs

    Cyclic Hematopoiesis in Dogs
     
    Cyclic hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) in color-dilute gray collie pups is characterized by frequent episodes of infection with failure to thrive and early death. Clinically, the pups may appear normal for the first 4–6 weeks and then develop diarrhea, conjunctivitis, gingivitis, pneumonia, skin infections, carpal joint pain, and fever. A frequent cause of death of the pups is intussusception (blockage) of the small intestine.
     
    Episodes of illness, varying from inactivity accompanied by fever, to life-threatening infection, repeat at …read more

  • Fainting in Dogs

    Syncope in Dogs
     
    Syncope is the clinical term for what is otherwise often described as fainting. This is a medical condition that is characterized as a temporary loss of consciousness and spontaneous recovery.
     
    The most common cause of syncope is a temporary interruption in the brain blood supply leading to impairment in oxygen and nutrient delivery to brain. Another important cause of syncope in dogs is heart disease leading to interruption in the blood supply to the brain. Syncope is more commonly seen in older dogs, especially Cocker spaniels, miniature schnauzers, pugs, dac …read more

  • False Pregnancy in Female Dogs

    Pseudo-pregnancy in Female Dogs
     
    False pregnancy, or pseudopregnancy, is a term used to denote a common condition in a non-pregnant female dog that is showing symptoms of pregnancy, lactation, or nursing, without producing puppies. The affected female dog shows these symptoms about a month or two after her estrus (heat) is over. A hormonal imbalance is thought to play a central role in affected female dogs. Depending on the severity of problem, the symptoms may last for more than a month.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Behavioral changes
    Non-pregnant f …read more

  • Familial Shar-Pei Fever

     
    This familial immunoreactive disorder is found only in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs, characterized by episodic fever and swollen hocks (back of the leg). If left untreated, it can lead to excessive amyloid accumulation throughout the body and subsequent kidney and liver failure. 
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Fever (for up to 24-36 hours)
    Loss of appetite (anorexia)
    L …read more

  • Fatty Layer or Nodule Under the Skin in Dogs

    Panniculitis in Dogs
     
    The term “panniculitis” refers to an inflammation of the subcutaneous fat tissue. That is, the layer of fat just under the dog’s skin becomes inflamed. Though uncommon, the fatty tissue typically concentrates and affects the trunk area as a single nodule or as multiple nodules. In addition, as a result of secondary infections and other complications, the fat cells within the nodule(s) may die.
     
    Dogs of any age, sex, or breed may be affected by panniculitis. However, dachshunds, collies, and miniature poodles are more at risk.
     
    Symptoms …read more

  • Fatty Skin Tumors in Dogs

    Lipoma in Dogs
     
    Lipomas are subcutaneous (underneath the skin) masses or tumors that develop commonly in dogs. They are usually soft, with limited mobility under the skin. The overlying skin is usually not affected. Over time they can grow larger and can impede movement if they are located between the legs or low on the chest. Most dogs that develop a lipoma will develop multiple tumors. But, it is important to recognize that additional masses do not necessarily indicate malignancy or metastasis. Since other cutaneous masses may appear similar to lipomas, it is recommended that every m …read more

  • Fatty Tissue Inflammation in Dogs

    Steatitis in Dogs
     
    Steatitis is characterized by inflammation of the fatty tissue. Nutrition is often involved in the pathology of this condition. Ingestion of large amounts of dietary unsaturated fats without sufficient antioxidant activity may result in peroxidation (where free radicals “steal” electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage) with subsequent fat necrosis (death of fat cells) and steatitis.
     
    Steatitis in dogs can also occur secondary to infection, inflammatory disorders, vasculopathy (disease of the blood vessels), cancer, injur …read more

  • Fatty Tissue Tumor (Benign) in Dogs

    Infiltrative Lipoma in Dogs
     
    Infiltrative lipoma is a variant tumor that does not metastasize (spread), but which is known to infiltrate the soft tissues, notably the muscles. It is an invasive, benign tumor composed of fatty tissue, and while it is known mainly for its penetration into muscular tissue, it is also commonly found in the fasciae (the soft tissue component of the connective tissue system), tendons, nerves, blood vessels, salivary glands, lymph nodes, joint capsules, and occasionally the bones. Muscle infiltration is often so extensive that surgery cannot be performed wit …read more

  • Fibrotic Hardening of the Lungs (Pneumonia) in Dogs

    Pulmonary Fibrosis in Dogs
     
    Pulmonary fibrosis is one form of pneumonia that can affect dogs. The development of this disease results in inflammation and scarring of the tiny air sacs of the lungs and lung tissue. The reactive scarring of the lungs results in fibrotic tissue buildup, where the tissue becomes excessively thick, reducing the ability of the affected sacs to pass oxygen into the blood stream. Therefore, as the disease progresses, less oxygen than normal is passed into the body’s tissues when the dog breathes.
     
    The factors which initiate pulmonary fibrosis are …read more

  • Flea and Tick Medicine Poisoning in Dogs

    Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Toxicity in Dogs
     
    Pyrethrin and pyrethroid are insecticides typically used for treating flea and tick infestations. Pyrethrins are derived from the Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium plant, and from pyrethrum-related plant species. Pyrethroids are similar, but are synthetic rather than naturally based, and are longer lasting; these include allethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, permethrin, phenothrin, tetramethrin, and etofenprox.
     
    An adverse reaction to any of these toxins will affect the dog’s nervous system, reversibly …read more

  • Flea Control and Flea Bite Allergies in Dogs

    Flea Bite Hypersensitivity in Dogs
     
    Flea bite hypersensitivity and flea allergic dermatitis is the most common skin disease in pets. And although the allergies usually develop when dogs are young (less than one and up to five years of age), flea allergies can begin at any age. It is the saliva from the flea is actually believed to be the cause of the allergy or sensitivity.
     
    The flea life cycle includes the adult flea, egg, larva and pupa. Adult fleas do bite, but cannot survive long if they are not on the dog. Once the adult flea lays its eggs on the host it will fall off, lea …read more

  • Fluid Buildup in the Kidney Due to Kidney or Ureter Obstruction in Dogs

    Hydronephrosis in Dogs
     
    Hydronephrosis is usually one-sided and occurs secondary to complete or partial obstruction of the kidney or ureter by kidney stones, tumor, retroperitoneal (the anatomical space behind the abdominal cavity), disease, trauma, radiotherapy, and accidental binding of the ureter during spaying and after ectopic ureter surgery.
     
    In most patients, hydronephrosis occ …read more

  • Fluid Buildup in the Sac Surrounding the Heart in Dogs

    Pericardial Effusion in Dogs
     
    Pericardial effusion is a condition in which an abnormally large amount of fluid collects in the pericardial sac that surrounds the dog’s heart (pericardium). A secondary condition, referred to as cardiac tamponade, results from this retention of fluid, as the swelling of fluid applies pressure on the beating heart, compressing it and restricting its ability to pump blood.
     
    The pressure inside the heart increases, and since the right atrium and ventricles normally have the lowest cardiac filling pressures, they are the most affected by cardiac tamp …read more

  • Fluid in Abdomen in Dogs

    Ascites in Dogs
     
    Ascites, also known as abdominal effusion, is the medical term referring to the buildup of fluid in the abdomen of a dog. This may cause symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and loss of appetite. A wide variety of causes may be responsible for ascites, thus treatments vary accordingly.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to le …read more

  • Fluid in Chest (Pleural Effusion) in Dogs

    Pleural Effusion in Dogs
     
    Pleural effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the chest cavity (which is lined by a membrane, or pleural lining). This occurs either because too little fluid is being absorbed in the pleural cavity, or because too much fluid is being produced in the pleural cavity.
     
    Alterations in the dog’s blood pressure and protein content in the blood, or the penetrability of blood vessels and lymphatic function, may contribute to fluid accumulation.
     
    Pleural effusion can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how th …read more

  • Fluid in the Chest in Dogs

    Chylothorax in Dogs
     
    Chylothorax is a condition that results from the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the chest cavity where the heart and lungs reside (pleural cavity). The main culprit of this condition is chyle, a digestive fluid that is formed in the small intestine and conveyed by the thoracic duct to the veins. En route to the veins, chyle can leak into the chest cavity, accumulating there and causing excessive pressure on the chest and its organs.
     
    Chyle is a milky to slightly yellow fluid made up of lymph and fats from the intestines and transferred to the circulatio …read more

  • Fluid in the Lungs in Dogs

    Pulmonary Edema in Dogs
     
    Pulmonary edema is identified as the buildup of fluid in the lungs. It is often associated with pneumonia, although there are many other possible causes. Normal lungs have fluid that is moved from the lungs into the internal space of the body, an on-going process for normal healthy function. Any added pressure in the dog’s lungs can damage  this mechanism, which leads to fluid buildup in the lungs.
     
    If this excess fluid is not removed, edema forms. Damage can occur if this condition is left untreated, but when treated appropriately, the outcome is …read more

  • Fluid Retention and Tissue Swelling Due to Collection of Lymph in Dogs

    Lymphedema in Dogs
     
    Lymphedema is a medical in which localized fluid retention and tissue swelling are caused by a compromised lymphatic system. The watery fluid, also known as lymph, contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system and typically collects into interstitial spaces, especially subcutaneous fat.
     
    Congential forms of the disease has been reported in bulldogs and poodles, as well as Labrador retrievers and Old English sheepdogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The fluid accumulation (edema) is usually not painful and pits; that is, a d …read more

  • Folding of the Intestines in Dogs

    Intussusception in Dogs
     
    Intussusception refers to an inflammation of the intestines, a portion of the intestine that has slipped out of its normal place (prolapse), and a portion of the intestine that has folded (invagination). This change in the shape of the intestine can cause the affected portion of the intestine to slip into an adjoining cavity or duct in the body.
     
    While intussusception can occur in animals of all ages, it is more common in younger animals that have weaker immune systems. In affected animals, around 80 percent are younger than one year of age, and in dogs …read more

  • Foot/Toe Cancer in Dogs

    Digital Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs
     
    Dogs can be afflicted with several types of skin tumors, even on their feet and toes. The most common type of type of tumor to affect the toes is a squamous cell carcinoma. A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can be described as a malignant and particularly invasive tumor that takes hold in the scale like cells of the epithelium – the tissue that covers the body or lines the cavities of the body. These scale like tissue cells are called the squamous.
     
    Carcinoma is, by definition, an especially malignant and persistent form of cancer, …read more

  • Foreign Objects Stuck in the Throat in Dogs

    Esophageal Obstruction in Dogs
     
    Dogs tend to eat unusual things. When a dog ingests foreign material or foodstuffs too large to pass through the esophagus (the throat), the esophagus can become blocked.  Small-breed dogs, especially terriers, are most apt to have esophageal foreign bodies. Esophageal foreign bodies cause mechanical blockage, swelling, and death of the throat tissue.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Retching
    Gagging
    Loss of energy
    Loss of appetite
    Depression
    Excessive salivation …read more

  • Fractures of Upper Jaw and Lower Jaw in Dogs

    Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures in Dogs
     
    The maxilla forms the upper jaw (maxilla) and holds the upper teeth in place, whereas, the mandible, also called the jawbone, forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.
     
    Fractures of the upper jaw and lower jaw (mandible) are mostly seen in dogs due to injury or trauma.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms vary greatly depending upon the type, location, extent, and cause of injury. Some of the more common ones include:
     

    Facial deformity
    Oral or nasal bleeding
    Inab …read more

  • Front Leg Deformity in Dogs

    Antebrachial Growth Deformities in Dogs   On occasion, a dog’s front leg continues to grow well after the other has stopped, resulting in one normal-sized leg and another irregularly-sized leg. This is commonly referred to as an antebrachial growth deformity. When this occurs the shorter leg’s bone may twist and bow, or it overgrows at the elbow. In either case, the result is misalignment of the bones. The tendency of a joint to stop growing seems to be a recessive trait in Skye Terriers. There is also the possibility of elbow joint misalignment in basset hounds and

  • Front Leg Injury in Dogs

    Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Dogs
     
    Dogs can experience a forelimb issue (sometimes referred to as brachial plexus avulsion) when they are hurt from jumping, have been in a road accident, had a traumatic fall, or have been caught in or on something. The possibility of spinal cord injury, or other severe damage, requires that an examination and assessment be made by a veterinarian. Prompt medical attention is advised.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, pleas …read more

  • Fungal Disease (Sporotrichosis) of the Skin in Dogs

    Sporotrichosis in Dogs
     
    Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease that affects the skin, respiratory system, bones and sometimes the brain. Infection is caused by the virtually ubiquitous dimorphic (mold and yeast) fungus, Sporothrix schenckii, which typically infects via direct inoculation – that is, through abrasions of the skin or by inhalation. The origin of the fungus is environmental; it is naturally found in soil, plants and sphagnum moss, but it can be communicated zoonotically between different animal species, and between animals and humans.
     
    In dogs, the disease occ …read more

  • Fungal Infection (Blastomycosis) in Dogs

    Blastomycosis in Dogs
     
    Blastomycosis is a systematic yeastlike fungal infection caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis, which is commonly found in decaying wood and soil. Blastomycosis occurs most frequently in male dogs, but female dogs are also susceptible.
     
    Dogs that are frequently exposed to environments where Blastomyces dermatitidis exists are at increased risk.
     
    This is particularly so with large-breed dogs weighing at least 55 lbs (25 kg), and especially sporting breeds. The Blastomyces fungus thrives in wet environments, such …read more

  • Fungal Infection (Coccidioidomycosis) in Dogs

    Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs
     
    Mycosis is the medical term for any disorder caused by a fungus. Coccidioidomycosis comes from inhalation of a soil-borne fungus which normally affects the dog’s respiratory system. However, it is known (even likely) to spread out into other body systems.
     
    The fungus spores begin in the lungs as round spherules, and live in a parasitic stage in the lungs until they grow large enough to rupture, releasing hundreds of endospores, which then begin a parasitic stage in the tissues, growing and rupturing, spreading out (disseminating) into the body perpet …read more

  • Fungal Infection (Histoplasmosis) in Dogs

    Histoplasmosis in Dogs
     
    Histoplasmosis refers to a fungal infection caused by the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus. Dogs usually ingest the fungus when they eat or inhale contaminated soil or bird droppings. The fungus then enters the dog’s intestinal tract, where it causes a diseased condition to develop.
     
    Symptoms
     
    The most common symptoms for dogs are lack of appetite, weight loss, depression, and diarrhea with straining. Other potential signs may include:
     

    Coughing
    Difficulty breathing (dyspnea), associated with harsh lung …read more

  • Fungal Infection (Malassezia pachydermatis) of the Skin in Dogs

    Malassezia Dermatitis in Dogs
     
    Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast found on the skin and ears of dogs. Though a normal inhabitant of these regions, an abnormal overgrowth of the yeast can cause dermatitis, or inflammation of the skin. The exact reasons behind this disease are not yet known, but it has been linked to allergy, seborrhea, and possibly congenital (born with) and hormonal factors.
     
    Malassezia dermatitis can affect any breed of dog, but the following breeds are predisposed to this disease: poodles, basset hounds, West Highland white terriers, cocker spaniels …read more

  • Fungal Infection (Pneumocystosis) of the Lung in Dogs

    Pneumocystosis in Dogs
     
    Pneumocystosis is a fungal (Pneumocystis carinii) infection of the respiratory system. Commonly found in the environment, P. carinii only affects dogs (or humans) with compromised immune systems. This is because the weakened body defenses allows the organism to multiply and grow to critical levels in the lungs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Generally, the breathing difficulties will progressively worsen over a four-week period. Other signs associated with pneumocystosis include:
     

  • Fungal Infection (Rhinosporidiosis) in Dogs

    Rhinosporidiosis in Dogs
     
    Rhinosporidiosis is a very rare chronic (long-term) infection that typically occurs in the mucous membranes of dogs. It most commonly occurs in the nose and nostrils, but can also take hold in the nose and eyes. Rhinosporidiosis belongs to the zoonotic class of fungal infections, meaning that it can be transmitted to humans.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Signs and symptoms of rhinosporidiosis include the following: sneezing, bleeding, wheezing, or labored breathing; an infection of the nostrils with a cauliflower-like growth; a polyp or other growth loc …read more

  • Fungal Infection of the Lower Urinary Tract in Dogs

    Fungal Infection of the Bladder and/or Urethra in Dogs
     
    Fungal infections are uncommon in dogs. In fact, because of the widespread existence of fungi in the environment, these organisms are harmless most of the time, or the body is adept at fighting off any ill effects brought on by the fungus. In some cases, thought not all, some types of fungus can cause symptoms of infection in the body. For example, fungi may inhabit and infect the lower urinary tract and may also appear in the urine after being released from the kidneys.
     
    Dogs of any age, breed, or gender may be affected …read more

  • Fungal Toxicosis Related to Fusarium Fungus in Dogs

    Mycotoxicosis-Deoxynivalenol in Dogs
     
    Mycotoxicosis is the medical term used to describe a diseased state that is brought on by a mycotoxin, a toxic chemical that is produced by a fungal organism, such as molds and yeasts. Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin for its effect on the digestive system, is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium graminearum in grains such as corn, wheat, oats, and barley. Mycotoxicosis-deoxynivalenol refers to the toxic reaction that results when a dog ingests pet food that was made with DON-contaminated grain.
     
    Symptoms and Ty …read more

  • Gallbladder and Bile Duct Inflammation in Dogs

    Cholecystitis and Choledochitis in Dogs
     
    The gallbladder rests in the abdomen, firmly affixed to the liver and serving as a storage receptacle for bile, a fluid that is essential for digesting food in the stomach and intestines. The bile duct transports bile from the liver into the gallbladder and into the small intestine, and the liver functions in the secretion of the bile. All of the components of this digestive system work in tandem, and if one fails to function properly, the result is that most of the body will suffer ill effects.
     
    Inflammation of the gallbladder is someti …read more

  • Gallbladder Obstruction in Dogs

    Gallbladder Mucocele in Dogs
     
    Gallbladder mucocele causes obstruction of the gallbladder’s storage capacity due to the formation of a thick, mucoid bile mass inside the gallbladder, impairing its ability to function. The accumulated bile may extend the gallbladder, resulting in necrotizing cholecystitis – tissue death due to inflammation of the gallbladder. 
     
    Gallbladder mucocele is common among middle-aged to older dogs, particularly Shetland sheepdogs, cocker spaniels and miniature schnauzers, and is not gender-specific. 
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    G …read more

  • Gallstones in Dogs

    Cholelithiasis in Dogs
     
    Cholelithiasis is a medical condition resulting from the formation of stones in the gallbladder. Gallstones are typically made up of calcium or other secreted substances. Gallstones occur in dogs, but, the bile in dogs is different from that in humans in that it has low cholesterol saturation. In fact, in dogs there is usually lower cholesterol and calcium stone composition than in humans. Miniature Schnauzers, Poodles, and

  • Gas in Dogs

    Flatulence in Dogs
     
    Sitting next to a dog with flatulence can be an unpleasant experience. The gaseous odors that emanate from the dog can be overbearing to the senses, but they may also be indicative of an underlying health condition that needs to be treated. In most cases gas is harmless. Of course, bacterial fermentation of nutrients, as in humans, does sometimes result in the noxious gases that escape from time to time, but you may be surprised to find that the source of most gas in dogs comes simply from swallowing too much air.
     
    The condition or disease described in this …read more

  • Generalized Inflammatory Muscle Diseases in Dogs

    Polymositis and Dermatomyositis in Dogs
     
    Polymositis and dermatomyositis are both generalized disorders which involve the inflammation of the dog’s muscles. More specifically, polymyositis involves skeletal muscle damage due to inflammation, but with no pus formation, whereas dermatomyositis is a form of polymyositis in which characteristic skin lesions are also seen.
     
    Various breeds of dog, including Newfoundland and boxer, may be affected by polymositis, while dermatomyositis is typically reported in rough-coated collies, Shetland sheepdogs, and Australian cattle dogs.
    &nbsp …read more

  • Genetic Liver Abnormality in Dogs

    Hepatoportal Microvascular Dysplasia in Dogs
     
    Hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia (MVD) is a blood vessel abnormality inside the liver that causes shunting (bypass) between the portal vein (the blood vessel that connects the gastrointestinal tract with the liver) and circulation into the system. It may be caused by microscopic lesions on the liver, abnormal development, abnormal positioning, or throttling due to a prominent smooth muscle that prevents blood flow. The lobes of the liver are involved, some severely, others very little. This is suspected when the bile is not doing its wo …read more

  • Giant Cell Tumors in Dogs

    Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
     
    A malignant fibrous histiocytoma refers to an invasive tumor that contains an excessive number of histiocytes, the white blood cells that reside within the normal connective tissue of the body. Referred to as tissue macrophages, histiocytes play a defensive role in the body’s immune response, engulfing cellular debris and infectious agents, as well as initiating defense mechanisms in the system.
     
    Generally, histiocytomas are benign growths, but there are documented cases of malignant fibrous histiocytomas, where the tumor is composed of bot …read more

  • Glaucoma in Dogs

    Disease of the Optic Nerve in Dogs
     
    Glaucoma is a condition in which pressure is placed on the eye, causing inadequate fluid drainage in the eye. If the condition becomes chronic or persists without treatment, it will eventually cause permanent damage to the optic nerve, resulting in blindness.
     
    Glaucoma is common in certain dog breeds that are genetically predisposed, such as samoyeds, cocker Spaniels, poodles, chow chows, and Siberians. Unfortunately, 40 percent of dogs affected by glaucoma will become blind in the affected eye within the first year, regardless of medical or …read more

  • Glomerulonephritis in Dogs

     
    The glomeruli is a network of tiny vessels that filters waste products as it passes through the kidneys during urine formation. When the vessels become inflamed and subsequent impairment is referred to as glomerulonephritis. The most common cause of glomerulonephritis is the deposition and entrapment of antigen-antibody complexes (such as a toxin or enzyme) within the glomeruli. Moreoever, familial glomerulonephritis has been described in Bernese mountain dogs, bull terriers, Dalmatians, Samoyeds, Doberman pinschers, cocker spaniels, Newfoundlands, greyhounds, rottweilers, and soft-c …read more

  • Glucose in the Urine in Dogs

    Glucosuria in Dogs
     
    Glucosuria (or glycosuria) is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Normally, the kidneys are able to reclaim all of the filtered glucose from the urine into the bloodstream. Glucosuria therefore is nearly always due to kidney disorders, such as diabetes mellitus.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Glucosuria is categorized as hyperglycemic (170–220 mg/dL) or normoglycemic, and subcategorized as transient or persistent. Symptoms will depend on the underlying disease, but some possible signs include:
     

    Diluted urine
    Incre …read more

  • Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy in Irish Setters

     
    Gluten-sensitive enteropathy is a rare inherited disease in which the affected dog develops a sensitivity from eating gluten found in wheat and other grains. Only reported in the Irish setter breed in the United Kingdom, the disease causes diarrhea and weight loss.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Mild diarrhea
    Poor weight gain (or weight loss)

    …read more

  • Glycogen Storage Disease in Dogs

    Glycogenosis in Dogs
     
    Glycogen storage disease, also known as glycogenosis, is characterized by deficient or defective activity of the enzymes responsible for metabolizing glycogen in the body. It is a rare inherited disorder with various types, all of which lead to the accumulation of glycogen, the main carbohydrate storage material in the body which aids short term energy storage in cells by converting to glucose as the body needs it for metabolic requirements. This abnormal accumulation in the tissues can result in the enlargement and dysfunction of various organs, including the liv …read more

  • Gum Disease in Dogs

    Periodontal Disease in Dogs
     
    Periodontal disease is an inflammation of some or all of a tooth’s deep supporting structures. Today, it is one of the most common diseases in dogs.
     
    If food particles and bacteria are allowed to accumulate along the dog’s gumline, it can form plaque, which, when combined with saliva and minerals, will transform into calculus. This causes gum irritation and leads to an inflammatory condition called gingivitis. Gingivitis, which is evidenced by a reddening of the gums directly bordering the teeth, is considered to be an early stage of periodont …read more

  • Hair Follicle Tumors in Dogs

    Trichoepitheliomas and Pilomatricomas in Dogs
     
    Hair follicle tumors are generally benign tumors that originate in the hair follicles in the skin. There are two types of hair follicle tumors, trichoepitheliomas, which arise from cystic hair follicles (follicles that have closed over, like a sac), and pilomatricomas, which arise from the cells that produce the hair follicles.
     
    Trichoepitheliomas are small benign tumors, often found along a cat’s back, shoulders, flank, tail or limbs. Pilomatricomas are rare skin tumors that develop from the hair matrix, where the cells which grow …read more

  • Hair Loss Due to Lack of Growth Hormone in Dogs

    Growth Hormone-Responsive Dermatoses in Dogs
     
    Dermatosis, or skin diseases, due to a deficiency of growth hormones are uncommon in dogs. However, there are two types of dermatosis that affect canines: pituitary dwarfism (seen at two to three months of age) and adult-onset hormone-responsive dermatosis (skin disease usually seen at one to two years of age).
     
    Pituitary dwarfism is most often seen in German Shepherds, but has also been reported in Spitzes, Toy Pinschers, and Carnelian Bear Dogs. Adult-onset hormone-responsive dermatosis has been reported in Chow Chows, Pomeranians …read more

  • Hair Loss in Dogs

    Alopecia in Dogs
     
    Hair loss (alopecia) is a common disorder in dogs which causes the animal to have partial or complete hair loss. It can affect a dog’s skin, its endocrine system, its lymphatic system, and its immune systems. Alopecia can affect dogs and cats of all ages, breed and gender, and is either gradual or acute.
     
    If you would like to learn more how alopecia affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD healthy library.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Alopecia is extremely noticea …read more

  • Hardening and Blockage of the Arteries in Dogs

    Atherosclerosis in Dogs
     
    Atherosclerosis is a condition in which lipids (the oily substance that is part of the cell structure), fatty materials, such as cholesterol, and calcium collect along the walls of the arteries (blood vessels that carry oxygen-enriched blood). This buildup is referred to as plaque, and over time results in loss of elasticity, and a narrowing of the lumen (the inner space) of the affected arteries. Over time the deposited fatty material thickens, hardens, and ultimately blocks the arteries, or, it may rupture, causing blood clots to form and travel to other part …read more

  • Head Pressing in Dogs

    Pressing the Head Against Objects in Dogs
     
    Head pressing is a condition characterized by the compulsive act of pressing the head against a wall or other object for no apparent reason. This generally indicates damage to the nervous system, which may result from a number of causes, including prosencephalon disease (in which the forebrain and thalamus parts of the brain are damaged), and some types of toxic poisoning.
     
    This condition can affect dogs of any breed or age-range.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The act of head pressing is just one sign of prosencephalon disease, …read more

  • Head Tilt, Disorientation in Dogs

    Idiopathic Vestibular Disease in Dogs
     
    Observing a dog tilting its head frequently is an indication that the dog feels imbalanced. The medical description of head tilt involves tilting of the head to either side of the body, away from its orientation with the trunk and limbs. The dog may appear to be trying to prevent itself from falling, or struggling to retain a balanced posture.
     
    A common cause of head tilting in dogs are disorders of the vestibular system, a sensory system located in the inner ear which provides information needed to hold the body in an upright position and …read more

  • Hearing Loss in Dogs

    Deafness in Dogs
     
    Deafness refers to the lack (or loss) of an animal’s ability to hear — this can either be complete or partial loss. If the dog is deaf at birth (congenital), it will be very apparent to you at a young age. More than 30 breeds of dogs have a known susceptibility for deafness, including the Australian shepherd, Boston terrier, cocker spaniel,

  • Heart (Aortic) Blood Clot in Dogs

    Aortic Thromboembolism in Dogs
     
    Aortic thromboembolism, also referred to as saddle thrombus, is a common heart condition which results from a blood clot dislodging within the aorta, leading to the interruption of blood flow to tissues served by that segment of the aorta. The largest artery in the body, the aorta distributes oxygenated blood to many parts of the body, including the legs, kidneys, intestines, and brain. Therefore, complications arising in the aorta can be very serious.
     
    Aortic thromboembolism is rare in dogs in comparison with

  • Heart (Aortic) Valve Narrowing in Dogs

    Aortic Stenosis in Dogs
     
    Aortic stenosis refers to the narrowing of the aortic valve, which controls the blood flow from the left ventricle (one of the dog’s four heart chambers) to the aorta ventricular outflow tract. This obstruction puts undue pressure on the heart, causing heart muscle cells to increase in size to maintain forward blood flow and subsequent thickening of the heart wall.
     
    Aortic stenosis is congenital (present at birth) in nature, often found in large breeds such as the Newfoundland, German shepherd, golden retriever, rottweiler, and boxer. It is also the sec …read more

  • Heart and Carotid Artery Tumors in Dogs

    Chemodectoma in Dogs
     
    Chemodectomas are generally benign tumors that grow from the chemoreceptor tissue of the body. These are the tissues that are most sensitive to chemical changes in the body, such as oxygen content and pH levels in the blood. While chemoreceptor tissues can be located throughout the body, chemodectomas mainly affect the chemoreceptor organs: the aorta and the carotid organs (i.e., heart and carotid artery).
     
    Chemodectomas are relatively uncommon in dogs, but there does appear to be some breed and age predilection.

  • Heart Attack in Dogs

    Myocardial Infarction in Dogs
     
    Much like in humans, a heart attack (or myocardial infarction) in dogs occurs when blood flow to a portion of the myocardium (the heart’s muscular wall) is blocked, causing the premature death of a portion of the myocardium. Generally, this is due to the formation of a blood clot (or thrombus) within the blood vessels or heart.
     
    Heart attacks are rare in both dogs and cats.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Weakness
    Let …read more

  • Heart Beat Problems (Fibrillation and Flutter) in Dogs

    Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter in Dogs
     
    A dog’s heart is divided into four chambers. The two top chambers are called the atria (single: atrium) whereas the bottom chambers are called the ventricles. Valves are provided between each atrial and ventricular pair, each on the left and right side. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve, where the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is called the mitral valve. The heart works with exceptional synchronization between the various atrial and ventricular structures, resulting in …read more

  • Heart Beat Problems (Premature Complexes) in Dogs

    Atrial Premature Complexes in Dogs
     
    There are four chambers in the heart. The two top chambers are the atria (single: atrium), and two bottom chambers are the ventricles. Under normal circumstances, the heart works with exceptional synchronization between the various atrial and ventricular structures, resulting in a consistent rhythmic pattern. Atrial premature complexes result in an abnormal rhythmic disturbance, where the heart beats prematurely, before the normal timing, or pacing.
     
    Excluding animals born with a congenital heart disease, atrial premature complexes often affe …read more

  • Heart Beat Problems (Standstill) in Dogs

    Atrial Standstill in Dogs
     
    Atrial standstill is a rare heart rhythm disturbance characterized by abnormal ECG (electrocardiogram) findings. Specifically, the ECG identifies missing P-waves, a measure of the electrical activity in the atria, the top two chambers in the dog’s heart.
     
    Atrial standstill can be temporary, persistent, or terminal (due to complications such as heart failure) and is most commonly seen in English springer spaniels. Along with absent P-waves, the ECG of the dog may demonstrate a slow heart rate with regular or irregular rhythm.
     
    Symptoms and Type …read more

  • Heart Block (Complete) in Dogs

    Atrioventricular Block, Complete (Third Degree) in Dogs
     
    The heart’s sinoartial node (SA) is very much like a control center, responsible for controlling the heart rate. This electrical conduction system generates electrical impulses (waves), which propagate through the atrioventricular (AV) node and into the ventricles, stimulating the heart’s muscles to contract and push blood through the interior arteries and out into the body.
     
    Complete, or third-degree, atrioventricular block is a condition in which all impulses generated by the SA node are blocked at the AV node, leading …read more

  • Heart Block (First-Degree) in Dogs

    Atrioventricular Block, First Degree in Dogs
     
    A normal heart contraction is caused by an electrical impulse originating from the sinoatrial node, stimulating the atria, traveling to the atrioventricular node and finally to the ventricles. First-degree atrioventricular block is a condition in which the electrical conduction from the atria to the ventricles is delayed, or prolonged. On an electrocardiogram (EKG) this shows as a prolonged PR interval — the time between the main electrical impulse, called the P wave, and the QRS complex, which is recognized as the heart beat.
     
    Fir …read more

  • Heart Block (Mobitz Type I) in Dogs

    Atrioventricular Block, Second Degree–Mobitz Type I in Dogs
     
    The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges. The atria, the two upper chambers of the heart that receive  and send out blood, are prompted into action by the SA node’s electrical impulse, which then activates the atrioventricular node (AV node). The AV node conducts the normal electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, coordinating the mechanical acti …read more

  • Heart Block (Mobitz Type II) in Dogs

    Atrioventricular Block, Second Degree–Mobitz Type II in Dogs
     
    A dog’s heart is divided into four chambers. The two top chambers are the atria (singular: atrium), and the bottom chambers are the ventricles. The heart has an electrical conduction system that is responsible for controlling the heart rate. This electrical conduction system generates electrical impulses (waves), which propagate throughout the musculature of the heart, stimulating the heart’s muscles to contract and push blood through the interior arteries and out into the body. There are two nodes (masses of tissue) p …read more

  • Heart Block or Conduction Delay (Left Anterior) in Dogs

    Left Anterior Fascicular Block in Dogs
     
    Left Anterior Fascicular Block (LAFB) is a heart problem that originates due to an abnormally functioning conduction system, which is responsible for generating electrical impulses (waves) that propagate throughout the musculature of the heart, stimulating the heart muscles to contract and pump blood. If the conduction system is affected, not only will contraction of the heart muscles be affected, but the timing and frequency of heartbeats too. Fortunately, this condition is uncommon in dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types

    There are no specific s …read more

  • Heart Block or Conduction Delay (Left Bundle) in Dogs

    Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) in Dogs
     
    Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) is a defect in the heart’s electrical conduction system in which the left ventricle (one of the dog’s four heart chambers) is not directly activated by the electric impulses through the left posterior and anterior fascicles of the left bundle branch, causing the deflections in the electrocardiographic tracing (QRS) to become wide and bizarre. LBBB may be complete or partial in nature.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Often, no specific symptoms are seen that can be attributed to LBBB, only those that are …read more

  • Heart Block or Conduction Delay (Right Bundle) in Dogs

    Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) in Dogs
     
    Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) is a defect in the heart’s electrical conduction system in which the right ventricle (one of the dog’s four heart chambers) is not directly activated by the electric impulses through the right bundle branch. RBBB may be complete or partial in nature.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Often, no specific symptoms are seen that can be attributed to RBB, only those that are related to the underlying disease causing the defect.
     
    Causes
     
    Although it may be present in normal dogs, a right bundl …read more

  • Heart Cancer (Hemagiosarcoma) in Dogs

    Hemangisaroma of the Heart in Dogs
     
    Where hemangio refers to the blood vessels and sarcoma a type of aggressive, malignant cancer that arises from the connective tissues of the body, a hemangiosarcoma of the heart is a tumor that originates in the blood vessels that line the heart. This is the most common cardiac tumor seen in dogs. A hemangiosarcoma may originate in the heart, or it may have metastasized to the heart from another location in the body. It is most commonly reported in mid to large size breeds, such as boxers, German shepherds and golden retrievers, and in older dogs &nd …read more

  • Heart Defect (Congenital) in Dogs

    Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs
     
    The aorta is the main artery that feeds oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the body. The pulmonary (lung) artery travels from the right side of the heart to the lungs, carrying deoxygenated blood to be oxygenated. Once the blood has been oxygenated by the lungs, it then returns to the left side of the hearty through the pulmonary veins to be pumped out into the body by the aorta.
     
    In the womb, the fetus’ descending aorta is connected to the pulmonary artery by the ductus arteriosus blood vessel, allowing blood to flow dir …read more

  • Heart Disease (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) in Dogs

    Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic in Dogs
     
    Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a rare form of heart muscle disease in dogs. It is characterized by a thickening of the walls of the heart, which leads to an inadequate amount of blood being pumped out into the body when the heart contracts during the systolic phase (pushing blood out into the arteries). When the heart relaxes between contractions during the diastolic phase (taking blood in from the vessels), an insufficient amount of blood will fill the chambers of the heart. Ultimately, HCM often will lead to congestive heart failure.
    &nbs …read more

  • Heart Disease of the Sinus Node in Dogs

    Sick Sinus Syndrome in Dogs
     
    The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges. Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a disorder of the heart’s electrical impulse formation within the sinus node. It is also a disorder of the conduction of the electrical impulse out of the sinus node. Sick sinus syndrome will also affect subsidiary (backup) pacemakers and the specialized conduction system of the heart. Pacemaker refers to the generation of el …read more

  • Heart Failure Due to Valve Defect in Dogs

    Atrioventricular Valve Endocardiosis in Dogs
     
    The heart is divided into four chambers. The two upper chambers are the atria (singular: atrium), and two lower chambers are the ventricles. Atrioventricular (AV) valves are present between each atrial and ventricular pair. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the tricuspid valve, while the valve between the left atrium and ventricle is called the mitral valve.
     
    In endocardiosis, excessive fibrous tissue develops in the atrioventricular valves, affecting both the structure and function of the valves. Over a per …read more

  • Heart Failure, Congestive (Left-sided) in Dogs

    Congestive Cardiomyopathy (Left-sided) in Dogs
     
    The heart has four chambers: two chambers at the top, the right and left atria; and two chambers on the bottom, the right and left ventricles. The right side of the heart collects blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated. The oxygen rich blood is then collected by the left side of the heart, and from there it is pumped out into the body’s various organs.
     
    Congestive left-sided heart failure refers to a condition in which the left side of the heart is not able to push blood through the body eff …read more

  • Heart Failure, Congestive (Right-sided) in Dogs

    Congestive Heart Failure (Right-sided) in Dogs
     
    Right-sided congestive heart failure occurs when the heart fails to pump blood at the rate required to meet the basic needs of the body. While it is not curable, there are treatment options that can improve the quality of life for your dog.
     
    Symptoms
     
    All organ systems in the body can be affected by congestive heart failure. Common signs include weakness, lethargy, difficulty breathing, an enlarged liver, and abdominal distension. Upon physical examination, several signs of the disease may present, including jugular vein d …read more

  • Heart Impulse Block in Dogs

    Cardiac Electrical Failure in Dogs
     
    The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges. Sinus arrest is a disorder of heart beat impulse formation caused by a slowing down, or cessation of spontaneous sinus nodal automaticity – the automatic behavior of the tissues that set the pace for the heart’s rhythm. It is the failure of the sinoatrial (SA) node to initiate an impulse at the expected time that leads to sinus arrest. Persistent …read more

  • Heart Inflammation (Myocarditis) in Dogs

    Myocarditis in Dogs
     
    Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart’s muscular wall (or myocardium), often caused by infectious agents. That is, bacterial, viral, rikettsial, fungal, and protozoal agents directly affecting the heart or reaching the heart from other body parts can lead to myocarditis.
     
    Clinical symptoms depend on the type of infection and extent of lesions, but in severe cases, heart failure may result.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The inflammation itself may be focal or diffused throughout the myocardium. Other symptoms associated with myocarditis include …read more

  • Heart Medicine Poisoning in Dogs

    Digoxin Toxicity in Dogs
     
    Digoxin is used to treat congestive heart failure. Its primary benefit effect is to help the heart to contract. While digoxin is useful at times, the difference between a therapeutic dosage and a toxic dosage can be slight. For that reason, the veterinarian will need to monitor the digoxin blood levels throughout treatment. Owners also need be aware of toxicity signs, as they can be subtle and may look just like a heart failure.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more ab …read more

  • Heart Murmurs in Dogs

     
    Murmurs are extra heart vibrations that are produced as a result of a disturbance in the blood flow — enough, in fact, to produce audible noise. Often, the murmurs are classified according to a variety of characteristics, including their timing. Systolic murmurs, for example, occur when the heart muscle contracts; diastolic murmurs occur when the heart muscle relaxes between beats; and continuous and to-and-fro murmurs occur throughout all or most of the cardiac cycle.
     
    Heart murmurs can occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how they affect cats, p …read more

  • Heart Sac Inflammation (Pericarditis) in Dogs

    Pericarditis in Dogs
     
    Pericarditis describes a condition where the dog’s pericardium becomes inflamed. The pericardium is made up of two layers: a fibrous outer layer and a membranous inner layer that adheres closely to the heart. Within the sac is a layer of pericardial fluid made up of serum, a watery fluid that serves to keep the surfaces of the membranous sac and heart moist. The body’s membranes will also secrete serum when they detect inflammation of the surrounding tissues and organs.
     
    When either of the layers of the pericardium becomes inflamed, the natural reaction is …read more

  • Heart Tumor (Rhabdomyoma) in Dogs

    Rhabdomyoma in Dogs
     
    A rhabdomyoma is an extremely rare, benign, non-spreading, cardiac muscle tumor that occurs only half as often as its malignant version: rhabdomyosarcomas, an invasive, metastasizing (spreading) tumor.
     
    Rhabdomyomas are usually found in the heart, and are suspected of being congenital in origin (present at birth). This type of tumor does not become malignant, nor does it metastasize through the body. They are very rarely found outside of the heart, but do occur in other places of the body on occasion. They have been reported in the tongue, and in the larynx …read more

  • Heart Tumors (Myocardial) in Dogs

    Myocardial Tumors
     
    Myocardial tumors refer to tumors that specifically affect the heart. These types of tumors are rare, and when they do occur, they tend to occur in older dogs. Benign tumors are masses of tissue that do not metastasize, whereas malignant tumors metastasize throughout the body. Abnormal tissue growth arising from the blood vessels in the heart can be malignant, as with hemangiosarcomas — rare, rapidly reproducing tissue growths; or they may be benign, as is the case with hemangiomas — harmless growths consisting mainly of newly formed blood or lymph vessel …read more

  • Heart Valve Infection (Infective Endocarditis) in Dogs

    Infective Endocarditis in Dogs
     
    Infective endocarditis is a medical condition in which the inner lining of heart has become inflamed in response to an infection in the body. Generalized infections in the body may invade the inner lining of heart, as well as the valves of the heart. This type of infective endocarditis can occur in response to any infection of the body.
     
    Endocarditis is more common in middle-sized to large breed dogs, with most between the ages of four and six. Males are generally at higher risk than females. If the underlying disease if not treated in time, comp …read more

  • Heart Valve Malformation in Dogs

    Atrioventricular Valve Dysplasia in Dogs
     
    Dogs with malformed mitral or tricuspid valves are said to have atrioventricular valve dysplasia (AVD). This condition can result in the valves not closing sufficiently to stop blood flow when it supposed to, or to blood outflow obstruction due to a narrowing of the valves. The result of the malformation will depend on the size and location of the anatomic abnormality that is present.
     
    Valvular insufficiency causes the atrium on the same side as the affected valve (right or left) to be dilated and the ventricle to enlarge. Over time, th …read more

  • Heart Valve Narrowing (Mitral and Tricuspid) in Dogs

    Atrioventricular Valvular Stenosis in Dogs
     
    The valves that communicate between the atria and ventricles, the four chambers of the heart, are the atrioventricular valves. The top two chambers of the heart are the atria, and the bottom two chambers of the heart are the ventricles. The mitral valve communicates between the left atrium and left ventricle, and the tricuspid valve communicates between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
     
    Abnormalities in the mitral valve, on the left, affect blood flow to the lungs. The tricuspid valve, on the right side of the heart, is respo …read more

  • Heat Stroke and Hyperthermia in Dogs

    Increased Body Temperature and Heat Stroke in Dogs
     
    Hyperthermia is an elevation in body temperature that is above the generally accepted normal range. Although normal values for dogs vary slightly, it usually is accepted that body temperatures above 103° F (39° C) are abnormal.
     
    Heat stroke, meanwhile, is a form of non-fever hyperthermia that occurs when heat-dissipating mechanisms of the body cannot accommodate excessive external heat. Typically associated with temperature of of 106° F (41° C) or higher without signs of inflammation, a heat stroke can lead to …read more

  • Hemoglobin and Myoglobin in Urine in Dogs

    Hemoglobinuria and Myoglobinuria in Dogs
     
    Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrier in the red blood cells, which also serves to carry oxygen to the tissues, as well as the pigment that makes the blood appear red. The destruction of blood cells within the blood vessels frees hemoglobin into the blood plasma (the straw colroed liquid matter of the blood), where it binds with haptoglobin, a blood plasma protein which functions for the purpose of binding with free hemoglobin to prevent the loss of iron from the body. When all of the haptoglobin has been used up, hemoglobin spills over into the bloo …read more

  • Hemorrhage of the Lung in Dogs

    Pulmonary Contusions in Dogs
     
    Pulmonary contusion, or a hemorrhage of the lung, occurs when the dog’s lung is torn and/or crushed during direct trauma to the chest, thus impeding the dog’s ability to breath and pass arterial blood to a capillary bed in synchrony. Dogs suffering from capillary damage may also develop pulmonary fluid in the lungs, as well as hemorrhage.
     
    Pulmonary contusion occurs in both dogs and cats and there is no specific breed, age, or gender predilection. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

  • Hereditary Muscle Disease (Non-inflammatory Myopathy) in Labrador Retrievers

    Hereditary, Non-inflammatory Myopathy in Labrador Retrievers
     
    A myopathy is a muscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function due to any of the common reasons, ultimately resulting in overall muscular weakness. The form of myopathy described in this article is specifically seen in Labrador retrievers, especially yellow Labs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms typically develop between the ages of three to four months, many of which worsen with cold weather, excitement, and exercise. In addition, improvements may be seen once the dog is allowed to rest. Some of th …read more

  • Hereditary, Non-Inflammatory Muscular Disease in Dogs

    Non-inflammatory Myopathy—Hereditary X-Linked Muscular Dystrophy in Dogs
     
    Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited, progressive, and non-inflammatory degenerative muscular disease caused by a deficiency of dystrophyin, a muscle-membrane protein. This generalized muscle disorder is primarily seen in newborn dogs or those less than one year old. Male dogs are also more susceptible than females, as are golden retrievers, Irish terriers, Pembroke Welsh corgis, Samoyeds, rottweilers, Belgian shepherds, rat terriers, Brittany spaniels, Labrador retriever, German short-haired pointers, and mi …read more

  • Hernia (Diaphragmatic) in Dogs

    Diaphragmatic Hernia in Dogs
     
    Diaphragmatic hernias occur  in dogs when the abdominal organ (such as the stomach, liver, intestine, etc.) moves into an abnormal opening in the animal’s diaphragm, the sheet of muscle separating the abdomen from the rib cage area. This can occur because of an acquired injury from a forceful blow, such as a car accident, or because of a defect at birth (congenital).
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Signs of a diaphragmatic hernia include irregular heartbeat, labored breathing (especially after a forceful blow) and symptoms of shock. The abd …read more

  • Hernia (Hiatal) in Dogs

    Hiatal Hernia
     
    A hernia is most likely to occur in puppies less than a year old and is usually inherited (congenital). However, trauma may also bring on an acquired hiatal hernia, and this can occur at any age. A hernia occurs when one part of the body protrudes through a gap or opening into another part. A hiatal hernia, specifically, takes place at the opening of the diaphragm where the food pipe joins the stomach. Part of the stomach pushes through the opening, and a hernia is formed. Although this can occur in any breed or age, and with both genders, there does appear to be a predi …read more

  • Hernia (Inguinal) in Dogs

    Inguinal Hernia in Dogs
     
    Much like humans, dogs can suffer from hernias. An inguinal hernia is a condition in which the abdominal contents protrude through the inguinal canal or inguinal ring, an opening which occurs in the muscle wall in the groin area.
     
    Inguinal hernia can occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this type of hernia affects cats, please visit this page in the petMD health library.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Inguinal hernias may be uncomplicated …read more

  • High Blood Pressure in Dogs

    Systemic Hypertension in Dogs
     
    More commonly referred to as high blood pressure, hypertension occurs when the dog’s arterial blood pressure is continually higher than normal. When it is caused by another disease, it is called secondary hypertension; primary hypertension, meanwhile, refers to when it actually is the disease. Hypertension may affect many of the dog’s body systems, including heart, kidneys, eyes, and the nervous system.
     
    Systemic hypertension can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit

  • High Blood Pressure in the Lungs in Dogs

    Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs
     
    Pulmonary hypertension occurs when pulmonary arteries/capillaries vasoconstrict (narrow), are obstructed, or receive excessive blood flow. The capillaries of the lungs are very tiny branches of blood vessels only one cell in thickness, connecting the smallest veins to the smallest arteries for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to the blood and tissues. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, so high blood pressure in the left atrium of the heart can also cause elevated pressure in the capillaries of the lungs.
     
    Hig …read more

  • High Blood Pressure in the Portal Vein to the Liver in Dogs

    Portal Hypertension in Dogs
     
    When ingested food enters into the intestinal tract, the nutrients and toxins that are a part of the food that has been ingested are released into the digestive blood stream. But before this blood can flow into the systemic blood stream, it first goes through a filtering and detoxification process. The filtering process is carried out mainly by the liver, which detoxifies the blood and sends it out into the main circulatory system. The portal vein, the main part of the hepatic portal system, carries this deoxygenated, prefiltered blood from the digestive tr …read more

  • High Blood Sugar in Dogs

    Hyperglycemia in Dogs
     
    A dog with abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood is said to have hyperglycemia. A simple carbohydrate sugar that circulates in the blood, glucose is a major source of energy for the body, of which normal levels range between 75-120mg.
     
    Insulin, a hormone that is produced and released by the pancreas into the bloodstream when glucose levels rise, plays a key role in maintaining normal sugar levels. Low levels or absolute deficiency of insulin results in abnormally high blood sugar levels.
     
    Some of the causes for hyperglycemia may be pancre …read more

  • High Cholesterol in Dogs

    Hyperlipidemia in Dogs
     
    Hyperlipidemia is characterized by abnormally excessive amounts of fat, and/or fatty substances in the blood. After eating a meal, the nutrients in an animal’s body pass into the small intestine, from which chylomicrons, micro particles of liquid fat, are absorbed 30-60 minutes later. Chylomicrons are in the class of lipids, which includes both triglycerides and cholesterol, and which are formed during the digestion of fats from food.  Normally, the absorption of chylomicrons increases serum triglycerides for 3-10 hours, but some animals will have hig …read more

  • High Level of Plasma Proteins in the Blood of Dogs

    Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Dogs
     
    High blood viscosity, a thickening of the blood, typically results from markedly high concentration of blood plasma proteins, although it can also result (rarely) from an extremely high red blood cell count. It is most frequently seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome (the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body), and is often associated with multiple myeloma (a cancer of the plasma cell) and other lymphoid tumors or leukemias.
     
    The clinical signs that are associated with hyperviscosity are caused by reduced blood flow through smaller vesse …read more

  • High Levels of Blood Nitrogen in Dogs

    Azotemia and Uremia in Dogs
     
    Azotemia is defined as an excess level of nitrogen-based substances compounds such as urea, creatinine, and other body waste compounds in the blood.
     
    Azotemia is defined as an excess level of nitrogen-based substances compounds such as urea, creatinine, and other body waste compounds in the blood. It can be caused by higher than normal production of nitrogen-containing substances (with high protein diet or gastrointestinal bleeding), improper filtration in the kidneys (kidney disease), or reabsorption of urine back to bloodstream.
     
    Uremia, m …read more

  • Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

    Canine Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
     
    The hip joint is composed of the ball and the socket. The development of hip dysplasia is determined by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors, though there is a complicated pattern of inheritance for this disorder, with multiple genes involved. Hip dysplasia is the failure of the hip joints to develop normally (known as malformation), gradually deteriorating and leading to loss of function of the hip joints.
     
    Hip dysplasia is one of the most common skeletal diseases seen in dogs. Gender does not seem to be a factor, but some breeds ar …read more

  • Hole in the Trachea in Dogs

    Tracheal Perforation in Dogs
     
    Tracheal perforation is a loss of the integrity of the tracheal wall, in the form of a hole or rip, allowing leakage of air into the surrounding tissues and creating air pockets under the skin, air collection in the mediastinum (in between the lungs), and potentially air in the sac around the heart, free air in the chest cavity, and air in the most posterior part of the abdominal cavity (pneumoretroperitoneum). This loss of integrity can be caused by a penetrating trauma, trauma from inside the trachea, or blunt neck or chest trauma.
     
    The severity …read more

  • House Soiling (Marking) by Dogs

    Inappropriate Urination and Defecation in Dogs
     
    House soiling is a common problem, affecting up to 37 percent of dogs diagnosed with behavioral problems. Most pet owners train their dogs to urinate and defecate outside, and “accidents” usually end while dogs are still puppies, as they learn to wait for scheduled outdoor time. House soiling occurs when a dog regresses to urinating or defecating inside the house. This behavior is more common in male dogs that have not been neutered, although it can occur in non-neutered dogs and

  • Hyperparathyroidism Due to Kidney Failure in Dogs

    Abnormally High levels of Parathyroid Hormone due to Chronic Kidney Failure in Dogs   Secondary hyperparathyroidism refers to the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to chronic kidney failure. More specifically, the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism is absolute or relative lack of calcitriol production — a form of vitamin D that stimulates the absorption of calcium in the intestines, calcium resorption in bone, and promotes the effectiveness of the parathyroid hormone in aiding bone resorption. Low concentrations of calcium also play a role in increased levels of PT …read more

  • Hyperparathyroidism in Dogs

    Excessive Levels of Parathyroid Hormone in the Blood in Dogs
     
    The parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, increasing blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be reabsorbed from bone. The parathyroid glands are small, hormone-secreting glands that are located on or near the thyroid glands. The term para- refers to adjacent or alongside, and thyroid refers to the actual thyroid gland; the thyroid and parathyroid glands are located side by side in the neck, near the windpipe or trachea. Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition rela …read more

  • Inability to Protrude or Retract Penis in Dogs

    Paraphimosis and Phimosis in Dogs
     
    Phimosis is a condition that causes a dog to be unable to protrude its penis from its outer orifice. Paraphimosis, on the other hand, refers to the dog’s inability to retract its penis back in to the sheath.
     
    Both of these medical conditions can occur in male dogs and cats, and at any age. If you would like to learn more about how phimosis and paraphimosis affect cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    Symptoms and T …read more

  • Inability to Urinate in Dogs

    Functional Urinary Retention in Dogs
     
    Urinary retention is the medical term given to incomplete emptying (or voiding) of urine that is not associated with obstruction of the urinary tract, whereas “functional” is defined as being caused by a problem with the normal action of an organ.
     
    Complications resulting from functional urinary retention may come from a lower urinary tract infection that ascends into the bladder; rupture of the urinary bladder or urethra; and permanent injury and atony (weakness/loss of coordination) to the detrusor muscle, the muscular layer of …read more

  • Incoordination of the Legs in Dogs

    Hypermetria and Dysmetria in Dogs
     
    Dysmetria and hypermetria are outward symptoms of a dysfunction of the pathways that control voluntary movement in a dog. More specifically, dysmetria is characterized by the dog’s inability to judge the rate, range, and force of its movements — literally, an inability to measure space. Hypermetria, meanwhile, describes the action of overreaching, or high stepping, the intended location.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Signs of cerebellar disease that may be present include:
     

    Head tilt
    Body swaying
    …read more

  • Increased Appetite in Dogs

    Polyphagia in Dogs
     
    When a dog increases its food intake, to the extent that it appears ravenous most or all of the time, the condition is referred to as polyphagia.
     
    This condition can be caused by different circumstances, and it is important to find out whether the dog’s increased food consumption is due to a psychological condition, or to a disease. Should the reason be a psychological problem, then it is likely that the dog has developed a learned behavior, which could lead to obesity.
     
    However, if the underlying cause of your pet’s increased food intake is du …read more

  • Increased Heart Rate Due to Premature Contractions in Dogs

    Ventricular Tachycardia in Dogs
     
    Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a potentially life-threatening disease of the heart that causes arrhythmia, an abnormally fast heartbeat. Ventricular tachycardia can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, a condition in which the ventricles (the bottom two heart chambers) become disorganized, contracting chaotically. This state can result in asystole – a sudden lack of electrical activity in the heart – and sudden death. VT  may be due to an underlying heart disease, a metabolic disease, or an electrolyte imbalance.
     
    Th …read more

  • Increased Urination and Thirst in Dogs

    Polydipsia and Polyuria in Dogs
     
    Polydipsia refers to an increased level of thirst in dogs, while polyuria refers to an abnormally high urine production. While serious medical consequences are rare, your pet should be evaluated to ensure that these conditions are not symptoms of a more serious underlying medical condition. Your veterinarian will want to either confirm or rule out renal failure, or hepatic diseases.
    …read more

  • Infertility in Female Dogs

    Inability to Reproduce in Female Dogs
     
    Some of the common symptoms that appear in bitches which are unable to reproduce are abnormal cycling, failure to conceive, failure to copulate/mate, and pregnancy loss. Normal fertility in a dog, and the ability to reproduce puppies, requires a normal estrous cycle, with a healthy reproductive tract, normal ova (eggs), normal and stable levels of reproductive hormones, fertilization by normal spermatozoa, implantation of an embryo in the lining of the uterus (endometrium), normal placenta placement, and stable levels of progesterone concentration …read more

  • Infertility in Male Dogs

     
    While infertility is not common in male dogs, it does happen. The dog may not be able to mate, or if mating does occur, fertilization does not happen as expected. If the stud appears to be infertile, the most common causes are due to injury or infection. It also may be brought about by a sudden hormone change.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    A smaller-than-expected litter size may be one indication of a fertility problem in a male that has mated, as are conception rates that are below expected. Infertility is sometimes due to sperm abnormalities such as misshapen sperm and a smal …read more

  • Inflamed Chewing Muscles and Eye Muscles in Dogs

    Focal Inflammatory Myopathy in Dogs
     
    The term myopathy is a general clinical term for a disorder of the muscles. Focal inflammatory myopathy affects specific muscle groups, in this case the masticatory muscles, which are the facial muscles involved in chewing, and the extraocular muscles, the group of muscles that are adjacent to the eyeball and that control the movements of the eye.
     
    Focal inflammatory myopathy is suspeced to be due to autoantibodies, or antibodies that are known to react against the body’s own tissues. Antibodies are proteins found in the blood and which are …read more

  • Inflammation of the Abdomen Due to Bile Leakage in Dogs

    Bile Peritonitis in Dogs
     
    Bile is a bitter fluid secreted by the liver and released into the gallbladder, to be stored until is is released into the duodenum — the small intestine — after a meal is taken. Bile is an essential component in digestion, emulsifying the fats in food, thereby aiding in their absorption in the small intestine.
     
    Under abnormal circumstances, however, bile can be released into the abdominal cavity, irritating the organ and causing inflammation. This may occur after injury, infection of the gallbladder, swelling of the gallbladder, blockage of the gall …read more

  • Inflammation of the Esophagus in Dogs

    Esophagitis in Dogs
     
    Gastrointestinal reflux, or acid reflux, is one of the most common causes of esophagitis, the term applied to inflammation of the esophagus in dogs. Acid reflux is the result of stomach acids passing into the esophageal canal, causing irritation to the tissue lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food down from the mouth cavity to the stomach.
     
    Young dogs born with congenital esophageal abnormalities are at an increased risk for esop …read more

  • Inflammation of the Middle and Inner Ear in Dogs

    Otitis Media and Otitis Interna in Dogs
     
    Otitis media refers to an inflammation of the dog’s middle ear, while otitis interna refers to an inflammation of the inner ear, both of which are commonly caused by bacterial infection. Long-eared dog breeds, such as the Cocker Spaniel, are believed to be more susceptible.
     
    Cats are also prone to these two conditions. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects dogs, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    …read more

  • Inflammation of the Middle Ear and External Ear Canal in Dogs

    Otitis externa and Otitis media in Dogs
     
    Otitis externa is a chronic inflammation of a dog external ear canal. Otitis media, meanwhile, is an inflammation of the dog’s middle ear. Both of these terms are used to describe clinical symptoms and are not diseases in themselves.
     
    Otitis externa often results when a change in the normal environment of the ear canal causes the glands lining the canal to enlarge and produce excessive wax. Gradually, the outer skin (epidermis) and the inner skin (dermis) produce excessive fibrous tissue (fibrosis) and the canal becomes narrowed. It is n …read more

  • Inflammation of the Pancreas in Dogs

    Pancreatitis in Dogs
     
    The pancreas is part of the endocrine and digestive system, which is integral for the digestion of foods, producing the enzymes that digest food, and producing insulin. When a condition occurs to cause inflammation of the pancreas, the flow of enzymes into the digestive tract can become disrupted, forcing the enzymes out of the pancreas and into the abdominal area.
     
    If this occurs, the digestive enzymes will begin to break down fat and proteins in the other organs, as well as in the pancreas. In effect, the body begins to digest itself. Because of their pr …read more

  • Inflammation of the Skin Blood Vessels in Dogs

    Vasculitis Cutaneous in Dogs
     
    Cutaneous vasculitis is inflammation of the blood vessels due to a proliferation of neutrophils, lymphocytes, or, rarely, with eosinophil deposition. Neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils are types of white blood cells that are important components of the immune system.
     
    Dog of any age, gender, and breed may be affected. However, dachshunds, collies, Shetland sheepdogs, German shepherds, and rottweilers are at high risk.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Purplish-red spots on the skin
    Small vesicles filled with wat …read more

  • Inflammation of the Skin, Muscle, and Blood Vessels in Dogs

    Dermatomyositis in Dogs   Dermatomyositis is an inherited inflammatory disease of the skin, muscles, and blood vessels. It typically develops in young collies, Shetland sheepdogs, and their crossbreeds. Similar symptoms have been reported in other breeds, such as the Beauceron Shepherd, Welsh Corgi, Lakeland terrier, Chow Chow, German Shepherd, and Kuvasz, as well as individual dogs. However, the condition in these dogs currently is classified as ischemic dermatopathy (low blood supply to the skin) and not dermatomyositis as previously reported. Studies suggest that dermatomyositis is inh …read more

  • Inflammation of the Soft Tissues in the Mouth in Dogs

    Stomatitis in Dogs
     
    Stomatitis is the condition where the soft tissues in an animal’s mouth, such as the gums and tongue, become irritated and inflamed. It can become a major issue if bacteria or an infection enters the dog’s blood stream. Treatment options are available, and the prognosis is positive for animals suffering from this medical condition.
     
    Stomatitis can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the …read more

  • Inflammation of the Superficial Veins in Dogs

    Phlebitis in Dogs
     
    Phlebitis is characterized by a condition known as superficial thrombophlebitis, which refers to an inflammation of superficial veins (or veins close to the surface of the body). Phlebitis is generally due to an infection or because of thrombosis — the formation of a clot (or thrombus) inside a blood vessel, which in turn obstructs the flow of blood in the body.
     
    Superficial venous thrombophlebitis is the most common form of this condition, and is usually localized in one area.
     
    Conversely, deep tissue thrombophlebitis is associated with clinical sig …read more

  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in Dogs

     
    The group of gastrointestinal diseases known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results in the inflammation of the intestines and chronic symptoms related to gastrointestinal system. Though the exact cause of IBD is not known, abnormal immune system response thought to be initiated by normal inhabitant bacteria of the intestine is suspected to be the cause of inflammation.
     
    IBD can affect dogs at any age but is more common in middle-aged and older dogs. Some breeds may be predisposed to IBD, including basenjis, lundehunds, French bulldog, and Irish setters. 
     
    Symp …read more

  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease Due to Lymphocytes and Plasma in Dogs

    Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Gastroenteritis in Dogs
     
    Lymphocytic-plasmacytic gastroenteritis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which lymphocytes and plasma cells enter the lining of the stomach and intestines. It is thought to be caused by an abnormal immune response to environmental stimuli due to loss of normal immune regulation, in which bacteria in the intestine may be a trigger. Continued antigen exposure, along with unregulated inflammation, results in disease, although the exact mechanisms and underlying factors remain unknown.
     
    Lymphocyic-plasmacytic gastroenteritis …read more

  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs

    Immunoproliferative Enteropathy in Basenjis
     
    Inflammatory bowel disease is one of the most common causes of vomiting and chronic diarrhea in dogs. Immunoproliferative enteropathy, a disease that is related to an abnormally reactive immune system, affects the large or small intestine, the liver, the endocrine system, the kidneys, and the skin. The lining of the stomach becomes infiltrated through inflammatory cells, thereby obstructing the normal functions of absorption and digestion. Being …read more

  • Inflammatory Skin Disease in Dogs

    Sebaceous Adenitis in Dogs
     
    Sebaceous adenitis is a rare type of inflammatory skin disease that affects the skin glands of young and middle age dogs. This condition most commonly affects Poodles, Akitas, and Samoyeds, although other breeds — and some cats (rarely) — can also be infected.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    There are two primary types of sebaceous adenitis. One type occurs in long-coated animals, and the other type occurs in short-coated breeds.
     
    The signs and symptoms of sebaceous adenitis in long-coated breeds include the following symptoms:
     

    …read more

  • Ingestion of Feces and Foreign Objects in Dogs

    Coprophagia and Pica in Dogs
     
    Pica is a medical issue referring to a dog’s craving of a non-food item and the subsequent eating of said item. Coprophagia, meanwhile, is the eating and ingesting of feces.
     
    Generally, neither of these conditions are the result of an underlying disease, however, it can occur. Fortunately, there are treatment options in these types of cases, or behavior modification practices that can be implemented if it is a non-medical issue.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to l …read more

  • Insecticide Poisoning in Dogs

    Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity in Dogs
     
    Areas which are prone to flea and tick infestations tend to use various forms of insecticide (e.g., organophosphates and carbamates). But exposure to insecticides — especially after repated or heavy applications of chemicals — may be toxic to dogs.
     
    These forms of insecticide poisoning affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how it affects cats please visit this page in the PetMD health l …read more

  • Insufficient Urine Production in Dogs

    Oliguria and Anuria in Dogs
     
    Oliguria is the medical term for a condition in which an abnormally small amount of urine is produced by the body, with urine production at a rate of less than 0.25 milliliters per kilogram per hour. Anuria is the medical term for a condition in which essentially no urine is produced by the body, with urine production at a rate of less than 0.08 milliliters per kilogram per hour.
     
    Physiologic oliguria occurs when a dog’s kidneys limit the loss of renal water in order to preserve body fluid and electrolyte balance. Pathologic oliguria results from se …read more

  • Intestinal Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach, Intestine, or Rectum in Dogs
     
    Adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor originating in the glandular and epithelial tissue (the lining of the internal organs). This type of malignant tumor growth can take place in many parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal system of dogs. It may invade any part of the gastrointestinal system, including the stomach, the small and large intestine, and rectum. It commonly affects older dogs, usually more than six years of age. No particular breed is known to be predisposed and it is more common in male dogs than femal …read more

  • Intestinal Disorder (Loss of Motility) in Dogs

    Ileus in Dogs
     
    Ileus (functional or paralytic) is a term used to denote temporary and reversible obstruction in the intestines caused by bowel motility problems. Problems with peristalsis (or wave-like contractions that help move food along the digestive tract) results in the accumulation of intestinal contents in certain areas of the intestines. Therefore, ileus is not a primary disease, rather a result due to some other disease or condition affecting motility of intestine.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Loss of appetite (

  • Intestinal Obstruction in Dogs

    Gastrointestinal Obstruction in Dogs
     
    Gastrointestinal obstruction is defined as the partial or complete blockage of the flow of nutrients (solid or liquid) ingested into the body, and/or secretions from the stomach into and through the intestines. The term gastro refers to the stomach, while intestinal refers to a condition of the intestines. Accordingly, this term refers to blockage that may occur in the stomach or intestines.
     
    Gastrointestinal obstruction is a fairly common condition. Dogs are generally at a high risk because they tend to be less discriminating about what th …read more

  • Intestinal Parasitic Infection (Strongyloidiasis) in Dogs

    Strongyloidiasis in Dogs
     
    Strongyloidiasis is an intestinal infection with the parasite Strongyloides stercoralis (S. canis). Typically, only the female nematode will be present in the dog’s intestinal lining, causing, among other things, severe diarrhea. S. stercoralis is relatively host-specific, but there is a potential for transmission to humans.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Inflammation of the skin, rash (dermatitis)
    Cough, bronchopneumonia

  • Intestinal Protein Loss in Dogs

    Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Dogs
     
    A dog’s health is largely dependent on the body’s ability to digest and make use of the food that is a part of the dog’s regular diet. When the digestive process goes off track, a diseased condition will follow. Protein losing enteropathy is one type of condition that affects a dog’s ability to function fully; enteropathy being any abnormal condition relating to the intestines. There are a number of diseases that can damage the intestines enough to cause this extra protein loss.
     
    Nutrients make their way through the body by way of the bloodst …read more

  • Intestinal Tumor (Leiomyoma) in Dogs

    Leiomyoma of the Stomach, Small, and Large Intestine in Dogs
     
    A leiomyoma is a relatively harmless and non-spreading tumor that arises from the smooth muscle of the stomach and intestinal tract. The main concern is that this type of tumor can block the normal progress of fluids and solids through the digestive tract, or displace organs, resulting in secondary health complications. It typically occurs in middle-aged to older dogs, generally over six years of age. Otherwise, there is no gender or breed predisposition.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Stomach …read more

  • Intestinal Tumors (Apudomas) in Dogs

    Apudoma in Dogs
     
    Apudoma is a gastrointestinal tumor found in dogs and cats which secretes peptide hormones — hormones that play a role in regulating metabolism, growth, development, and tissue function. In the long run, the tumor(s) can cause ulcers, damage the esophagus because of chronic reflux, and damage the lining of the intestines.
     
    Symptoms
     

    Vomiting (sometimes with blood)
    Weight loss
    Loss of appetite (

  • Intestinal Viral Infection (Rotavirus) in Dogs

    Rotavirus Infections in Dogs
     
    The double-stranded, wheel-shaped rotavirus causes inflammation of the intestines and in severe cases, dysfunction in the intestinal walls. It is the leading cause of diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset in dogs. And although it can be seen in dogs at any age, puppies are more prone to rotavirus infections, especially those less than 12 weeks old.
     
    Cats are also susceptible to rotavirus infections. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

  • Intestinal Virus (Reovirus) Infection in Dogs

    Reovirus Infections in Dogs
     
    A reovirus infection is caused by a group of viruses that contain double-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid), and which have special characteristics with respect to their genetic material. This infection limits the absorption of nutrients from the intestines and results in diarrhea and dehydration.
     
    Located within the dog’s intestinal walls, they will destroy  of dogs and cats, destroying cells in the area they reside in. As a result there is limited absorption of nutrition from the intestines, further resulting in diarrhea and dehydration.
      …read more

  • Involuntary Muscle Trembling in Dogs

    Tremors in Dogs
     
    Tremors are involuntary, rhythmic and repetitive muscle movements that alternate between contraction and relaxation, usually involving to-and-fro movements (twitching) of one or more body parts. The tremors may be rapid, or they may be slow vibrations, and they can occur in any part of the body. Tremor syndrome usually affects young-to middle aged dogs, and has been known to primarily affect white colored dogs, but a variety of hair-coat colors have been found to be affected as well.
     
    There are some dog breeds that are believed to be predisposed to tremors, in …read more

  • Iris Bombe in Dogs

    Complete Posterior Synechiae in Dogs
     
    Synechiae are adhesions between the iris and other structures in the eye. Iris bombe occurs when there is a complete adhesion between the iris and the capsule of the lens of the eye creating a 360 degree area of adhesion. This results in a billowing of the iris forward into the eye.
     
    Iris bombe can occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this type of eye problem affects cats, please visit this page in the petMD health library.
    &nb …read more

  • Iris Cysts

    Iridociliary Cysts in Dogs
     
    Sometimes referred to as iris cysts or uveal cysts, iridociliary cysts are often benign and require no treatment. However, occasionally they may be large enough to interfere with vision or with the function of the eye.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Iridiociliary cysts may be attached to various parts of the interior of the eye. They may be lightly or darkly pigmented and are semitransparent. They may be spherical to ovoid in shape. They can vary considerably in size and there may be more than one. They may be seen in one or both eyes.
    In most cases, …read more

  • Irregular Heart Beat in Dogs

    Ventricular Premature Complexes in Dogs
     
    In order to pump blood to the lungs and body, the heart must work in a coordinated fashion. The heart has an electrical conduction system that is responsible for controlling the heart rate. This electrical conduction system generates electrical impulses (waves), which propagate throughout the musculature of the heart, stimulating the heart’s muscles to contract and push blood through the interior arteries and out into the body. There are two nodes (masses of tissue) present in the heart that play an important role in this conduction system. The …read more

  • Irregular Heart Rhythms in Dogs

    Idioventricular Rhythm in Dogs
     
    When the sinus node’s conduction impulses are blocked or inhibited from reaching the ventricles, the role of pacemaker is taken over by the lower heart, resulting in indioventricular rhythm, or ventricular escape complexes; that is, irregular heartbeats. Accelerated idioventricular rhythms occur mainly due to a fluctuation in the heartbeat. Sometimes the ECG reading will show a dog’s heart beat rate at less than 65 beats per minute (bpm). The normal rate for dogs is 70-180 bpm – but varies according to age and breed. For puppies, the rate is 70-120 …read more

  • Irregular Heartbeat in Dogs

    Sinus Arrhythmia in Dogs
     
    Arrhythmia is caused by an abnormal variation in the cycling of impulses that regulate the heart’s beating action, resulting in an irregular rhythm. The heart may beat too fast, too slow, or it may skip beats. An irregular heart beat is the primary symptom of arrhythmia.
     
    The sinoatrial node (SA Node, or SAN), also called the sinus node, is the initiator of electrical impulses within the heart, triggering the heart to beat, or contract, by firing off electrical surges (also called the heart’s pacemaker). The sinus discharge rate depends on two opposing …read more

  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Dogs

    Chronic Irritation in the Lining of the Bowels of Dogs
     
    It is not always known what causes irritable bowel syndrome, but some of the suspected factors are thought to be related to diet intolerances, possibly due to allergies, the ability of the food to effectively pass through the gastrointestinal tract, and mental distress. Irritable bowel syndrome in dogs is commonly associated with chronic inflammation and discomfort of an animal’s bowels; however, it is not linked with any type of gastrointestinal disease.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The most common symptoms of irritable b …read more

  • Itchiness, Desire to Scratch, Chew or Lick Causing Inflamed Skin in Dogs

    Pruritus in Dogs
     
    Pruritus is the medical term used to define a dog’s sensation to itch, or the sensation that provokes its desire to scratch, rub, chew, or lick its hair and skin. Pruritus is also an indicator of inflamed skin. Intense scratching can eventually lead to partial or full hair loss, but with treatment, prognosis is positive.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how pruritus affects cats, please visit

  • Jawbone Enlargement in Dogs

    Craniomandibular Osteopathy in Dogs
     
    A dog’s mouth is made up mainly of two bones, the mandible (lower bone) and the maxilla (upper bone). These two bones come together at a joint called the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The TMJ is the joint that allows the jaw to open and close. Dogs use their cheek muscles to move the TMJ in order to open and close their mouths.
     
    Craniomandibular osteopathy is a condition by which extra bone forms along the mandible and TMJ, making it painful and difficult for the affected dog to open its mouth and eat. Signs are usually seen in puppie …read more

  • Joint Cancer (Synovial Sarcoma) in Dogs

    Synovial Sarcoma in Dogs
     
    Synovial sarcomas are soft tissue sarcomas – malignant cancers – that arise from the precursor cells outside the synovial membrane of the joints and bursa (the fluid-filled, sac-like cavity between joints that helps to facilitate movement). The synovial membrane itself is the layer of soft tissue that lines the surfaces within the joints.
     
    Precursor cells have the ability to differentiate into one or two closely related  forms: epithelial cells (skin cells) or fibroblastic (connective tissue) cells. Therefore, the tumor may have cancer …read more

  • Joint Cartilage Erosion in Dogs

    Erosive, Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis in Dogs
     
    Erosive, immune-mediated polyarthritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the joints, in which the cartilage of the dog’s joint (articular cartilage) is eroded away. In this disease, cell-mediated immunity is thought to attack articular cartilage. The suspected causes for this are T lymphocyte effector cells that carry out the attack response, and an abnormal antigenic response to the host antibody. That is, an immune response to a substance that stimulates production of antibodies, an antigen, which acts as a “trigger&rd …read more

  • Joint Dislocation in Dogs

    Joint Luxations in Dogs
     
    Bone acts as the architectural framework for the body in all mammals. It is a rigid structure that helps maintain the bodies shape and protects vital organs. A joint, meanwhile, is a structure where two or more bones unite together. Most joints have a capsule that joins the articulating (meeting) bones together. This capsule has a thick, fibrous layer that stabilizes the joint. Most joints are also provided with additional ligaments that allow joint capsules to keep movements within normal ranges. Therefore, if joints become damaged, disrupted, or undergo abnor …read more

  • Jumping, Chewing, Playbiting, and Other Destructive Behavior Problems in Puppies, Young Dogs

    Pediatric Behavior Problems in Dogs
     
    Undesirable behavior exhibited by dogs between puppyhood and adolescence, such as destructive chewing, jumping on people, and play biting, is medically referred to as pediatric behavior problems. Though these behaviors may be perceived as a “normal” trait of a puppy, it is often not acceptable behavior for a pet. It is important to address this as early as possible with behavioral modification therapies while the puppy is still impressionable.
     
    Genetics do play an important role and behavior of young pups is likely to be similar …read more

  • Kennel Cough in Dogs

    Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
     
    Kennel cough, the common name that is given to infectious canine tracheobronchitis, is a very highly contagious respiratory disease among dogs. As the name of the disease suggests, it is typified by inflammation of the trachea and bronchi. This disease is found throughout the world and is known to infect a very high percentage of dogs at least once during their lifetime. It is also medically referred to as tracheobronchitis and Bordetella.
     
    Young puppies can suffer the most severe complications that can result from this disease, si …read more

  • Key-Gaskell Syndrome in Dogs

    Canine Dysautonomia
     
    Dysautonomia is characterized by a malfunctioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the system that controls the heart rate, respiration, digestion, urination, salivation, perspiration, eye pupil dilation,blood pressure, intestinal contractions, glandular acticity, and physical arousal. The body functions that occur within the ANS are largely performed without conscious thought, with the exception of breathing, which works in coordination with conscious thought. This condition is also referred to as Key-Gaskell syndrome.
     
    This is a rare condition, but …read more

  • Kidney Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Renal Adenocarcinoma in Dogs
     
    Adenocarcinoma of the kidneys is a rare neoplasm in dogs, making up less than one percent of all reported neoplasms in dogs. Similar to other carcinomas, when adenocarcinoma of the kidney does occur, it commonly affects dogs that are older than eight years. There is no breed predisposition in dogs for this type of tumor.
     
    Like other adenocarcinomas, adenocarcinoma of the kidney is very aggressive, usually affecting both kidneys, and growing rapidly and metastasizing to other parts and organs of the body. Another version of kidney adenocarcinoma, kn …read more

  • Kidney Disease (Congenital) in Dogs

    Congenital and Developmental Renal Diseases in Dogs
     
    Congenital (existing at birth) and developmental kidney diseases are a group of diseases in which the kidney may be abnormal in appearance, or may be abnormal in its ability to function normally, or both. These diseases result from inherited or genetic problems or disease processes that affect the development and growth of the kidney before or shortly after birth. Most patients are less than five years of age at time of diagnosis.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms:
     

    Lack of appetite
    La …read more

  • Kidney Disease Caused by Multiple Cysts in Dogs

    Polycystic Kidney Disease in Dogs
     
    Polycystic kidney disease is a disorder in which large portions of renal parenchyma, the functional tissue of the kidneys which are normally differentiated, are displaced by multiple cysts.
     
    A cyst is a closed sac that may be filled with air, fluid, or semi-solid material. Renal cysts develop in pre-existing nephrons — the functional filtering cells of the kidney tissue — and in the collecting ducts. Invariably, the disease both of the dog’s kidneys.
     
    Although polycystic kidney disease is usually not immediately life-threatening, it …read more

  • Kidney Disease in Dogs

    Fanconi Syndrome in Dogs
     
    Fanconi syndrome is a collection of abnormalities arising from the defective transport of water, sodium, potassium, glucose, phosphate, bicarbonate, and amino acids from the kidneys; impaired tubular reabsorption, the process by which solutes and water are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood, causes excessive urinary excretion of these solutes.
     
    Approximately 75 percent of the reported cases have occurred in the Basenji breed; estimates of the prevalence within the Basenji breed in North America range from 10–30 percent. …read more

  • Kidney Enlargement in Dogs

    Renomegaly in Dogs
     
    Renomegaly is a condition in which one or both kidneys are abnormally large, confirmed by abdominal palpation, ultrasounds, or X-rays. All of the body’s systems are affected by renomegaly: the respiratory, nervous, hormonal, urinary, and digestive systems.
     
    In addition, renomegaly is not exclusive to dogs; cats can suffer from it, too. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
      …read more

  • Kidney Failure (Long-Term) in Dogs

    Chronic Renal Failure in Dogs
     
    Nine in every 1,000 dogs that are examined suffer from chronic renal disease. And while dogs of any age can be diagnosed with the kidney disease, it is more commonly seen in older dogs.
     
    Failure of the kidney — which among other things regulates blood pressure, blood sugar, blood volume, water composition in the blood, and pH levels, and produces red blood cells and certain hormones — can take so place so slowly, that by the time the symptoms have become obvious, it may be too late to treat the condition effectively. Often, the kidney will find …read more

  • Kidney Failure and Excess Urea in the Urine in Dogs

    Renal Failure and Acute Uremia in Dogs
     
    Acute uremia is a sudden-onset condition that is characterized by high levels of urea, protein products, and amino acids in the blood. This condition usually follows sudden kidney injuries, or occurs when the urinary tubes that connect the kidney to the bladder (ureters) are obstructed. As a result, the outflow of urine is obstructed, creating an imbalance in fluid regulation and leading to a buildup of potential toxins in the body. Fortunately, acute uremia can be successfully treated and cured if it is identified on time and treated promptly.
    …read more

  • Kidney Filtration Problems in Dogs

    Nephrotic Syndrome in Dogs
     
    The glomeruli are penetrable clusters of capillaries in the kidney that function to filter waste from the blood, establishing the formation of urine, one of the body’s main methods for disposing of waste products. When filtration cells (podocytes) in the kidney’s glomeruli become damaged due to either immune complexes in the blood (called glomerulonephritis), or due to dense deposits of hard protein (amyloid), abnormal accumulation of which is called amyloidosis, degeneration of the kidney’s tubular system occurs. This is medically referred …read more

  • Kidney Inflammation Due to Fluid Accumulation in Dogs

    Perirenal Pseudocysts in Dogs
     
    A perirenal pseudocyst is a capsule of accumulated fluid around the kidney that causes it to enlarge. However, it is not technically a cyst because it lacks a true membrane covering. This condition is rarely seen in dogs and may affect one or both kidneys.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Although most dogs with a perirenal pseudocyst have a nonpainful, enlarged abdomen, some may not display any symptoms (asymptomatic). In severe cases, symptoms of renal failure may manifest.
     
    Cause
     
    Although the exact cause of a perirenal pseudocyst i …read more

  • Kidney Stones in Dogs

    Nephrolithiasis in Dogs
     
    Nephrolithiasis is the medical term for the condition in which clusters of crystals or stones — known as nephroliths or, more commonly, “kidney stones” — develop in the kidneys or urinary tract. The kidney is composed of thousands of nephrons, each consisting of blood capillaries and a series of tubes through which filtered fluid flows as urine is produced. The tubes of the nephron drain into ducts through which urine flows; these ducts eventually enter the renal pelvis and a tube through which urine follows into the ureter. Kidney stones or kidne …read more

  • Kidney Toxicity (Drug-Induced) in Dogs

    Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Dogs
     
    Drug-induced nephrotoxicity refers to kidney damage induced by medication administered for the purpose of diagnosing or treating another medical disorder. It is more commonly recognized in dogs than cats. And although drug-induced nephrotoxicity may occur in dogs of any age, older dogs are more susceptible.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Signs associated with nephrotoxicity may include:
     

    Vomiting
    Diarrh …read more

  • Kneecap Dislocation in Dogs

    Patellar Luxation in Dogs
     
    Patellar luxation occurs when the dog’s kneecap (patella) is dislocated from its normal anatomic position in the groove of the thigh bone (femur). When the kneecap is dislocated from the groove of the thigh bone, it can only be returned to its normal position once the quadriceps muscles in the hind legs of the animal relax and lengthen. It is for this reason that most dogs with the condition will hold up their hind legs for a few minutes.
     
    A dislocated kneecap is one of the most prevalent knee joint abnormalities in dogs. The condition is most common …read more

  • Lack of Bladder Control in Dogs

    Urinary Incontinence in Dogs
     
    Dogs are sometimes unable to control their bladder activity, a medical condition that is often caused by an impaired bladder, or from an obstruction in the bladder. This disorder is medically referred to as incontinence. Incontinence is more common in middle to older-aged dogs, and in larger dog breeds.
     
    Symptoms
     

    Urine leakage (involuntary peeing)
    Wet hair on the lower abdominal area, or between the rear legs
    Wet spots or puddles in the bedding or sleeping area
    Urinary tract infec …read more

  • Lack of Bowel Control in Dogs

    Fecal Incontinence
     
    Medically referred to as fecal incontinence, losing the ability to control its bowel movements is distressing for both the dog and the owner. Typical causes to this condition include injury to the spine or tail, anal gland disease(s), and/or an intestinal disorder.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Scooting on floor – may indicate a condition involving the anal sacs/glands
    Defecating in atypical areas (i.e., inside the home)
    Bloated abdomen
    Tenderness or aversion to being touched near tail, loss of …read more

  • Lack Of Digestive Enzymes in Dogs

    Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) in Dogs
     
    The pancreas is the organ in the body responsible for producing insulin (which regulates the body’s blood sugar levels) and digestive enzymes (which aid in the digestion of starches, fats, and proteins in an animal’s diet). If the pancreas fails to produce enough of these digestive enzymes, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, or EPI, develops.
     
    EPI may affect a dog’s gastrointestinal system, as well as general nutrition, and can cause problems such as weight loss and chronic diarrhea. The condition is thought to be her …read more

  • Lactic Acid Build-Up in Dogs

    Lactic Acidosis in Dogs
     
    Lactic acid is a chemical produced by the muscles during normal physical activity, and which is elevated during exercise in order to fuel the body and maintain energy. In a normal functioning body, the liver and kidneys maintain the balance between lactic acid production and its removal from the body. When the body is not functioning at normal capacity and lactic acid is not being adequately removed, a condition called lactic acidosis can occur.
     
    Lactic acidosis refers to the abnormal build-up of lactic acid in the body. This abnormal build-up can affec …read more

  • Lameness in Dogs

    Disorder of the Gait in Dogs
     
    Lameness is a clinical sign of a more severe disorder that results in a disturbance in the gait and the ability to move the body about, typically in response to pain, injury, or abnormal anatomy.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Lameness may involve one or more limbs and varies in severity from subtle pain or tenderness to an inbability to place any weight on the limb (i.e., carrying the leg). If only one forelimb is involved, the head and neck move upward when the affected limb is placed on the ground and drops when the unaffected limb bears weight. M …read more

  • Laryngeal Disease in Dogs

    Disease of the Voice Box or Larynx in Dogs
     
    The voice box, or larynx, protects the lungs from aspiration during swallowing and regurgitation, allows for vocalization (such as barking and growling), and serves as a passage for airflow from the external environment to the lungs. Laryngeal disease refers to any condition that alters normal structure and/or function of the voice box or larynx.
     
    Paralysis of the larynx is an inherited disorder in the Bouvier des Flandres breed (inherited as an autosomal dominant trait); genetic susceptibility is also suspected, but unproven, in Sibe …read more

  • Lead Poisoning in Dogs

    Lead Toxicity in Dogs
     
    Lead poisoning (toxicity), a condition in which increases levels of the metal lead is found in blood, can afflict both humans and dogs through both sudden (acute) and long-term (chronic) exposure to the metal. Through the ability to substitute itself for calcium and zinc (both important minerals for normal cell functions), lead damages the cell and affects normal biological processes.
     
    Although a high number of lead poisoning cases are seen during the warmer months of the year, there is a wide variety of sources of lead — many of which vary between diffe …read more

  • Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease in Dogs

    Disintegration of Hip Joint in Dogs
     
    Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease involves spontaneous degeneration of the head on the femur bone, located in the dog’s hind leg. This results in disintegration of the hip joint (coxofemoral) and bone and joint inflammation (osteoarthritis).
     
    The exact cause of the condition is unknown, though blood supply issues to the femoral head are usually seen in dogs suffering from Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease. It is commonly seen in miniature, toy, and small-breed dogs, and has a genetic basis in Manchester terriers. Moreover, most dogs affected …read more

  • Leukemia (Acute) in Dogs

    Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Dogs
     
    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a disease in which cancerous lymphoblasts (cells that are in the beginning stage of development) and prolymphocytes (cells in the intermediate stage of development) reproduce, and then circulate through the bloodstream, entering into the body’s organs. These cells will also infiltrate both the inside of the bone marrow and the outside (extramedullary) of the bone marrow, displacing hematopoietic stem cells.
     
    Hematopoietic cells are the normal, healthy precursors of red blood cells, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, …read more

  • Leukemia (Chronic) in Dogs

    Chronic Lymphocytic Cancer in Dogs
     
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a rare form of cancer which involves abnormal and malignant lymphocytes in the blood. An integral component to the immune system, lymphocytes can affect many body systems when damaged.
     
    This form of leukemia is rare, but more commonly affects male dogs when compared to females.
     
    Symptoms
     
    The symptoms for chronic lymphocytic leukemia are usually non-specific and may include:
     

    Increased thirst (

  • Lice in Dogs

    Canine Pediculosis
     
    Lice are parasites that live on the skin of an affected dog. They are actually a small insect that feeds by chewing on the skin of the dog or by sucking the blood, depending on the type of louse. Left unchecked, they can grow to be an infestation on the dog’s body. Dog lice are not as common as dog fleas, and are most often seen in situations where sanitary practices are poor.
     
    Symptoms and Types of Dog Lice
     
    Symptoms seen in infested dogs include:
     

    Excessive itchiness and scratching
    A dry sc …read more

  • Liver and Spleen Cancer (Hemangiosarcoma) in Dogs

    Spleen and Liver Hemangiosarcoma in Dogs
     
    Hemangiosarcomas of the spleen and liver are highly metastatic and malignant vascular neoplasms (tumors in the blood vessels) that arise from the endothelial cells (the cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels). It begins as a large mass that develops in the liver or spleen, spreading rapidly through the blood cell routes, most frequently to the liver from the spleen, or to the lungs from the spleen and liver. In some cases, it can also metastasize to the brain or heart. It can also lead to growth of implantation lesions in the ome …read more

  • Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) in Dogs

    Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Dogs
    Hepatocellular carcinoma describes a malignant tumor of the epithelial tissues of the liver (the tissue that lines the cavities and surfaces of body structures – in this case the liver). This type of tumor is less common than benign liver tumors in dogs, but accounts for more than 50 percent of all types of malignant liver tumors combined. Extrahepatic (outside of the liver) forms occur very rarely in dogs. There are no breed predispositions, but affected dogs are on average older than ten years of age and tend to be male.
     
    Symptoms
     
    The …read more

  • Liver Disease (Copper Storage) in Dogs

    Copper-Storage Hepatopathy in Dogs
     
    Copper storage hepatopathy is a condition caused by an abnormal accumulation of copper in the animal’s liver, which leads to hepatitis and progressive damage and scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) over the long term. This condition is believed to be secondary to a primary disease, the result of genetic-based abnormal copper metabolism.
     
    Bedlington Terriers, Doberman Pinschers, and Labrador Retrievers are dog breeds …read more

  • Liver Failure (Acute) in Dogs

    Acute Hepatic Failure in Dogs   Acute hepatic failure is a condition characterized by the sudden loss of 70 percent or more of the liver’s function due to sudden, massive, hepatic necrosis (tissue death in the liver).   Symptoms   Primary and secondary hepatobiliary disorders – those dealing with the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts or bile – are generally associated with variable hepatic necrosis. However, acute liver failure from severe hepatic necrosis is an uncommon phenomenon. Acute liver failure can affect the body through a number of system failures:   …read more

  • Liver Fibrosis in Young Dogs

    Juvenile Fibrosing Liver Disease in Dogs
     
    Juvenile fibrosing liver disease is a noninflammatory liver disease which causes excessive extracellular matrix proteins to deposit in the liver tissue (also known as liver firbosis). It is typically seen in young or juvenile dogs, especially large breeds. If left untreated, a dog with this disease may develop cirrhosis and liver failure.
     
    Although the cause to the fibrosis remains uncertain, chronic exposure to toxic bile, exposure to intestinal toxins, and liver injuries may be a factor.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    …read more

  • Liver Fistula in Dogs

    Arteriovenous Malformation of the Liver in Dogs
     
    Intrahepatic arteriovenous (AV) fistula is a congenital based condition that is uncommon in most cats and dogs, but it can also develop through surgical injury, trauma, and abnormal tissue or bone growth (neoplasia). When it occurs abnormal passages develop between the proper liver (hepatic) arteries and the inner liver (intrahepatic) portal veins.
     
    This acute illness can be addressed with fair results when a proper diagnosis has been settled on. Most treatment will be on an outpatient basis and will include a planned diet, dieta …read more

  • Liver Inflammation (Chronic) in Dogs

    Chronic, Active Hepatitis in Dogs
     
    Hepatitis, a medical condition used to describe long-term, ongoing inflammation of the liver, is associated with an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the liver and progressive scarring or formation of excessive fibrous tissue in the liver (fibrosis). These biological changes can lead to decreased functioning of the liver.
     
    Another cause for hepatitis, inherited

  • Liver Inflammation (Granulomatous) in Dogs

    Granulomatous Hepatitis in Dogs
     
    Hepatitis is a condition in which the liver is inflamed, creating a diseased state. Further complicating this condition is the growth of inflamed tissue on the liver, a condition that is then referred to as hepatitis granulomatous (where a granuloma is a small area of inflamed tissue). This condition is most commonly due to fungal infection, but it can also be brought about by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or cancer.
     
    Hepatitis granulomatous is relatively uncommon in dogs, but it is not limited by age or breed.
     
    Symptoms and Types
    &nbsp …read more

  • Liver Inflammation (Suppurative) in Dogs

    Hepatitis, Suppurative and Hepatic Abscess in Dogs
     
    The inflammation of the liver is known as hepatitis. Sometimes bacterial infections affecting the liver may involve the formation of abscesses containing pus. It also may accompany inflammation of the bile duct, the presence of stones in the gallbladder, necrotic (dead tissue) spots of the liver, and the formation of many small abscesses. Single abscesses may be present due to a tumor which becomes infected over time. Liver abscesses are more common in older dogs and patients with diabetes.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    …read more

  • Liver Inflammation in Dogs

    Cholangitis-Cholangiohepatitis Syndrome in Dogs
     
    Inflammation of the bile ducts and intrahepatic ducts — the ducts that carry bile out of the liver — is medically referred to as Cholangitis. Bile, an essential component in the digestive process, begins in the liver and is then stored in the gallbladder until a meal is taken. The bitter fluid is then released into the dog’s small intestine, where it emulsifies fats in the food to be used as energy by the rest of the body.
     
    Cholangiohepatitis, meanwhile, describes inflammation of the bile ducts and liver. Together, these diseas …read more

  • Liver Toxins in Dogs

    Hepatotoxins in Dogs
     
    The liver is the largest gland in the body, and one of the most important organs for the overall health of the body. It serves many vital functions, like production of bile (the fluid substance that helps in fat digestion), production of albumin (a protein present in blood plasma), and more importantly, the detoxification of chemicals and drugs that pass through the body.
     
    Hepatotoxins are toxic substance that can damage the liver. Some toxins are known for having properties that can bring about liver damage and that almost always lead to liver toxicity. H …read more

  • Liver Tumor (Hepatocellular Adenoma) in Dogs

    Hepatocellular Adenoma in Dogs
     
    Hepatocellular adenoma is a benign tumor of the liver that stems from an over-growth of epithelial cells, which are used for secretion in the body. Fortunately, this tumor is quite rare in dogs, usually affecting dogs over 10 years of age.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Mostly no symptoms are obvious in affected animals, though a rupture of a tumor mass may result in blood accumulation in the abdomen. The following are symptoms of hepatocellular in dogs:
     

    Weakness
    Abdominal pain

  • Liver Tumors in Older Dogs

    Hepatic Nodular Hyperplasia in Dogs
     
    Hepatic nodular hyperplasia is a seemingly benign lesion found in the liver of middle-aged to old dogs. The lesion consists of discrete accumulations of abnormally multiplying (hyperplastic) hepatocytes, the chief functional cells of the liver, and vacuolated hepatocytes – cells that contain fluid or air filled cavities within. This is a cause of high liver enzymes in old dogs.
     
    Clinical findings are derived from associated high liver enzyme activity and ultrasonographic detection of nodules or nodularity in the liver, or by mass lesio …read more

  • Lizard Venom Poisoning in Dogs

      In terms of lizards, the Gila Monster and the Mexican Beaded Lizard are the only ones to be seriously concerned about. These lizards live almost exclusively in the American Southwest and Mexico.   While Gila Monsters and Mexican Beaded Lizards are normally docile and do not often attack, it is important to be aware of the danger if a bite does occur. These lizards have a tendency to bite hard, and not let go. In order to remove it, use a prying instrument to open the lizard’s jaws. It has also been found that a flame held under the lizard’s jaw will cause it let go.   Th …read more

  • Lockjaw in Dogs

    Tetanus Bacillus Infection in Dogs
     
    Tetanus is an occasional disease in dogs, the result of infection with a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is normally present in soil and other low oxygen environments, but also in the intestines of mammals and in the dead tissue of the wounds that are created due to injury, surgery, burns, frostbite, and fractures.
     
    One typical feature of this bacterium is that it can live without oxygen (anaerobic) and can remain in the environment for long periods by forming spores. Once favorable conditions are present, such as …read more

  • Long-Term Stomach Inflammation in Dogs

    Chronic Gastritis in Dogs
     
    Chronic gastritis is the term used for intermittent vomiting of greater than one to two weeks caused by inflammation of the stomach. The stomach lining can be irritated by chemical irritants, drugs, foreign bodies, infectious agents, or long-term hyperacidity syndromes. Long-term allergen exposure, or immune-mediated disease (where the body’s own anti-bodies attack the tissues of the body) may also produce long-term inflammation of the stomach’s lining.
     
    Old, small-breed dogs like Lhasa Apsos, Shih-tzus, and Miniature Poodles are more commonly a …read more

  • Loss of Appetite in Dogs

    Anorexia in Dogs
     
    Anorexia, as it applies to humans, has been in the news so much that most of us are aware of it on some level. Anorexia is a very serious condition causing an animal to refuse to eat totally and its food intake to decrease so much that it leads to drastic weight loss. Dog owners should consult a veterinarian immediately to identify the cause.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

  • Loss of Balance (Unbalanced Gait) in Dogs

    Ataxia, Vestibular Disease in Dogs
     
    Ataxia is a condition relating to a sensory dysfunction that produces loss of coordination of the limbs, head, and/or trunk. There are three clinical types of ataxia: sensory (proprioceptive), vestibular, and cerebellar. All three types produce changes in limb coordination, but vestibular and cerebellar ataxia also produce changes in head and neck movement.
     
    Sensory (proprioceptive) ataxia occurs when the spinal cord is slowly compressed. A typical outward symptom of sensory ataxia is misplacing the feet, accompanied by a progressive weakness …read more

  • Low Blood Albumin in Dogs

    Hypoalbuminemia in Dogs
     
    When the levels of albumin in a dog’s blood serum are abnormally low, it is said to have hypoalbuminemia. A protein formed in the liver and carried into the blood, albumin is responsible for regulating blood volume by controlling pressure in the blood compartment. It is also important for retaining fluid in the vascular compartment. Therefore, a deficiency of albumin can pose grave risks for a dog, including dangerous fluid buildup.
     
    Hypoalbuminemia has not been found to occur at any particular age. Moreover, there are no apparent breed or gende …read more

  • Low Blood Calcium in Dogs

    Hypocalcemia in Dogs
     
    If your dog has lower than normal levels of calcium in its blood, it is suffering from the medical condition known as hypocalcemia. Calcium plays an important role in vital bodily functions such as bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, milk production, muscle contraction, heart pumping, vision, and in the metabolism of hormones and enzymes. Therefore, calcium deficiency is a serious condition that requires immediate treatment.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the problem. However, some of the …read more

  • Low Blood Oxygen in Dogs

    Hypoxemia in Dogs
     
    When the brain is deprived of oxygen, irreversible damage may be the result, even when the deprivation has been for a short period of time. Oxygen deficiency may also lead to anemia in the organs, which can progress to arrhythmia and heart failure. Hypoxemia occurs when arterial blood is not being oxygenated sufficiently. This is a serious condition and needs to be treated quickly.
     
    Symptoms and Types 
     

    Coughing
    Dif …read more

  • Low Blood Potassium in Dogs

    Hypokalemia in Dogs
     
    Hypokalemia refers to lower than normal concentrations of potassium in the blood. A vital element to an important group of blood minerals called electrolytes, potassium functions in both cellular and electricual functions, such as in the conduction of electrical charges in the heart, nerves, and muscles.Therefore, lower levels of potassium in the bloodstream will compromise the normal functioning ability of these tissues.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms relate to the underlying cause of hypokalemia. Some of the more common ones include:
     
    …read more

  • Low Blood Sugar in Dogs

    Hypoglycemia in Dogs
     
    The medical term for critically low levels of sugar in the blood is hypoglycemia, and it is often linked to diabetes and an overdose of insulin. The blood sugar, or glucose, is a main energy of source in an animal’s body, so a low amount will result in a severe decrease in energy levels, possibly to the point of loss of consciousness.
     
    There are conditions other than diabetes that can also cause blood sugar levels to drop to dangerous levels in dogs. In most animals, hypoglycemia is actually not a disease in and of itself, but is only an indication of anot …read more

  • Low Body Temperature in Dogs

    Hypothermia in Dogs
     
    Hypothermia is a medical condition that is characterized by an abnormally low body temperature. It has three phases: mild, moderate, and severe. Mild hypothermia is classified as a body temperature of 90 – 99°F (or 32 – 35°C), moderate hypothermia at 82 – 90°F (28 – 32°C), and severe hypothermia is any temperature less than 82°F (28°C). Hypothermia occurs when an animal’s body is no longer able to maintain normal temperature, causing a depression of the central nervous system (CNS). It may also affect heart and blood flow (cardiovascul …read more

  • Low Platelet Count in Dogs

    Thrombocytopenia in Dogs

     
    Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition where blood platelets become too low in animals. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and then released into the blood stream. They also serve the important function of maintaining hemostasis. Low platelet counts can be found in any breed of dog, and at any age. Treatment options do exist and unless the cause of the condition is serious, prognosis for the dog is positive.
     
    Thrombocytopenia affects both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this disease affects cats, please visit

  • Low Production of Parathyroid Hormone in Dogs

    Hypoparathyroidism in Dogs
     
    Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by an absolute or relative deficiency of parathyroid hormone in the blood. The parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, normally increasing blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be reabsorbed from the bone. Low levels of parathyroid hormone secretion will therefore lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, a condition called hypocalcemia.
     
    The parathyroid glands are small, hormone-secreting glands that are located on or near the thyroid glands, which are in turn located at t …read more

  • Low White Blood Cell Count in Dogs

    Neutropenia in Dogs
     
    The white blood cells known as neutrophils are vital for fighting infection; when they drop very low, your dog is suddenly susceptible to all kinds of infections and illnesses. There are many possible causes: genetic predisposition, cancer, and certain drugs, among others.
     
    This disease has had a lot of attention among researchers in recent years, and more is known about it now, especially about the genes that are responsible for many of the congenital neutropenia syndromes. However, less has been learned about the other kinds of neutropenia, especially tho …read more

  • Lower Eyelid Droop in Dogs

    Ectropion in Dogs
     
    Ectropion is a condition which describes the margin of the eyelid rolling outward, resulting in exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva (the portion of tissue that lines the inner lids). Exposure and poor tear distribution may predispose the patient to sight-threatening corneal disease. It occurs mostly in dogs; seldom in cats. Breeds with higher than average prevalence include sporting breeds (e.g., Spaniels, hounds, and retrievers); giant breeds (e.g., St. Bernards and mastiffs); and any breed with loose facial skin (especially bloodhounds). There is a genetic predis …read more

  • Lung Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Adenocarcinoma of the Lung in Dogs
     
    Adenocarcinoma of the lung makes up about 75 percent of all primary lung tumors in dogs. This is a malignant neoplasm, with the ability to grow rapidly and metastasize to distant parts of the body, including the organs, lymph nodes, bones, brain and eyes. Like other types of malignant tumors, adenocarcinoma of the lungs is usually seen in older dogs, over ten years of age, and is more common in dogs than cats. Any breed can be affected by this type of cancer, but boxers have been fo …read more

  • Lung Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

    Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lungs in Dogs
     
    The epithelium is the cellular covering of all of the internal and external surfaces of the body, protecting the organs, inner cavities and outer surfaces of the body in a continuous layer of multi-layered tissue. The squamous epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of the outer layer of flat, scale-like cells, which are called squamous cells. A squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is a type of metastasizing tumor that arises from the squamous epithelium in lungs.
     
    This is a rare form of primary tumor with high metastatic po …read more

  • Lung Lobe Twisting in Dogs

    Lung Lobe Torsion in Dogs
     
    Torsion, or twisting, of the lung lobe results in the obstruction of the dog’s bronchus and vessels, including the veins and arteries. The obstruction of the blood vessels causes the lung lobe to engorge with blood, which results in necrosis and death of the affected lung tissue. This may lead to many complications, including coughing up blood, tachycardia, or shock.
     
    Male dogs are at a higher risk of lung lobe torsion than females, as are large, deep-chested. However, small dogs such as pugs (especially those younger than four) are also at risk, most …read more

  • Lungworms in Dogs

    Parasitic Respiratory Infections in Dogs
     
    Lungworms are a parasitic worm (nematode) that settles in the lungs and windpipe (trachea), causing severe respiratory problems. Dogs that spend a lot of time roaming in the woods and/or on fields are at higher risk of developing this type of parasitic infections.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    There are several species of worm that can migrate to the lungs of animals, causing coughing and shortness of breath. The parasite most commonly seen in dogs is the Oslerus osleri.
     
    Adult worms create nodules in the windpipe of the animal a …read more

  • Lymph Node Inflammation (Lymphadenitis) in Dogs

    Lymphadenitis in Dogs
     
    Inflammation of the lymph nodes, a condition known as lymphadenitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nodes due to an active migration of white blood cells. There are different types of white blood cells that can cause this: neutrophils, the most abundant type of white blood cells in the body; macrophages, the cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens in the bloodstream; or eosinophils, the white blood cells of the immune system.
     
    Because of the filtration functions of the lymph nodes, they are likely to be exposed to infectious ag …read more

  • Lymph Node Inflammation (Lymphadenopathy) in Dogs

    Lymphadenopathy in Dogs
     
    Lymph nodes (or glands), are small masses of tissue that can be found throughout the body. They play an integral part in the functioning of the dog’s immune system, acting as filters for the blood, and as storage places for white blood cells. Consequently, they are often the first indicators of disease in the tissues.
     
    When tissues become inflamed, the regional lymph nodes that these tissues drain into will also become inflamed and swollen in response. This swelling is due to a reactive increase in white blood cells (hyperplasia) due to the localized pr …read more

  • Lymph Node Inflammation, Intestinal Tract (Lymphangieasia) in Dogs

    Lymphangiectasia in Dogs
     
    The lymphatic vessels are vascular channels (similar to veins) that transport lymph, a clear to slightly colored fluid that contains white-blood cells. This fluid circulates through the lymphatic vessels, removing bacteria and other materials from body tissues. It also serves to transport fat from the small intestines, eventually emptying into the blood, returning tissue fluids into the general body circulation.
     
    Lymphangiectasia is the dilation (expansion) of the lymphatic vessels in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach, small intes …read more

  • Lymphoma in Dogs

    Cancer of the Lymphocytes in Dogs
     
    Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphocyte cells of the immune system. A type of white blood cell, lymphocytes play an important and integral role in the body’s defenses.
     
    There are two forms of lymphocytes: B and T cells. Lymphoma may involve neoplastic proliferation of T or B, or non-B/non-T type lymphocytes, occurring primarily in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and visceral organs. But mostly cases involving B-lymphocytes are seen in dogs.
     
    Although rare in dogs, lymphoma is more prevalent in Boxers, golden retrie …read more

  • Magnesium Deficiency in Dogs

    Hypomagnesemia in Dogs
     
    Magnesium is second only to potassium as the most abundant substance in the cells. Therefore, a deficiency in magnesium (also known as hypomagnesemia) is a serious health concern. Most magnesium is found in bone (60 percent) and soft tissue (38 percent), and most of the soft tissue magnesium resides in the skeletal muscle and liver. It is required for many metabolic functions, and its role as an activator or catalyst for more than 300 enzyme systems includes formation of the enzymes that involve ATP (adenose triphosphate), which transports chemical energy within …read more

  • Mammary Gland Tumor in Dogs

     
    Benign and malignant tumors of the mammary glands occur fairly frequently in unspayed female dogs, in fact they are the most common type of tumor in the group. Spaying can largely reduce the risk of developing this type of cancer, especially if the dog is spayed before it has an opportunity to go into heat. There are two main types of mammary gland breast tumors, each with several subtypes of tumor growth.
     
    The mammary glands’ function is to produce milk to feed newborn puppies. They are located in two rows that extend from the chest to the lower abdominal area; the nipples ind …read more

  • Mange (Sarcoptic) in Dogs

    Hair Loss Caused by Mites (Canine Scabies), or Mange in Dogs
     
    Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease found in dogs, caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. These mites will burrow through the skin causing intense itching and irritation. The scratching that results from mange is what causes the majority of the animal’s hair to fall out. This is a treatable medical condition, but is highly contagious for other animals and humans. Pet owners are advised to keep the dog quarantined while it is being treated for mange.
     
    Symptoms
     

    Intense scr …read more

  • Mange in Dogs

    Demodicosis in Dogs
     
    Mange (demodicosis) is an inflammatory disease in dogs caused by various types of the Demodex mite. When the number of mites inhabiting the hair follicles and skin of the dog become exorbitant, it can lead to skin lesions, genetic disorders, problems with the immune system and hair loss (alopecia). The severity of symptoms depends upon the type of mite inhabiting the dog.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to le …read more

  • Mass Protrusion from the Vaginal Area in Dogs

    Vaginal Hyperplasia and Prolapse in Dogs
     
    Vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse refers to a mass which protrudes from the vaginal area. The condition is similar in nature to fluid-filled tissue (edema). If serious, it can prevent normal urination. Vaginal hyperplasia affects dogs of all ages, although it is found more commonly in younger animals. The outcome is positive for most animals, but the chance of the condition recurring is high.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Type 1 hyperplasia occurs when there is a slight protrusion, even though it does not exit the vulva itself. Type 2 hyp …read more

  • Mast Cell Tumor (Mastocytoma) in Dogs

    Connective Tissue Tumors in Dogs
     
    Mast cells are cells that reside in the connective tissues, especially those vessels and nerves that are closest to the external surfaces (e.g., skin, lungs, nose, mouth). Their primary functions include defense against parasitic infestations, tissue repair, and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). They are also associated with allergic reactions, since they contain several types of dark granules made up of various chemicals, including histamine and heparin, serving biologically to modify immune reactions and inflammation. Mast cells are …read more

  • Maternal Behavior Problems in Female Dogs

    Mismothering in Female Dogs
     
    Maternal behavioral problems are classified as either excessive maternal behavior in the absence of newborn pups or the lack of maternal behavior when dealing with the mother’s own young. (Other types of maternal behavior problem also exist, but they are still poorly defined.)
     
    Though no genetic component has yet been attributed to these behavioral problems,the fact that Jack Russell terriers seem to be predisposed to the behavior indicate the possibility of a genetic component.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Inadequate Maternal Be …read more

  • Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis, Meningomyelitis in Dogs

    Bacterial Meningitis and other Nervous System Infections in Dogs
     
    Much like in humans, the system of membranes which envelops the dog’s central nervous system is called the meninges. If this system becomes inflamed, it is referred to as meningitis. Meningoencephalitis, meanwhile, is the inflammation of the meninges and brain, and meningomyelitis is the inflammation of the meninges and spinal cord.
     
    Inflammation of meninges commonly leads to secondary inflammation of the brain and/or spinal cord, resulting in various neurological complications. Long-term inflammation can also ob …read more

  • Mesothelioma in Dogs

     
    Mesotheliomas are rare tumors derived from the cellular tissue that lines the cavities and interior structures of the body. These linings are called the epithelial linings, specifically the mesothelium. The mesothelial lining, specifically, is a membranous epithelial lining that is derived from the mesoderm cell layer, with its main functions being to line the body cavity, to cover and protect the internal organs, and to facilitate movement within the body cavity (coelom).
     
    Mesotheliomas are the result of abnormal division and replication of mesothelial cells, and their migrati …read more

  • Metabolic Enzyme Deficiency in Dogs

    Lysosomal Storage Diseases in Dogs
     
    Lysosomal storage diseases are primarily genetic and are caused by a lack of the enzymes that are needed to perform metabolic functions. It is a rare disease that most commonly occurs in puppies. The disease causes an accumulation of various substances that would otherwise be eliminated by the enzymes, and which become stored in the dog’s tissues in abnormal amounts (usually occurring in the nervous system). As a result, cells swell and can no longer function normally. Unfortunately, lysosomal storage diseases are always fatal.
     
    Humans …read more

  • Metabolic Muscle Disease without Inflammation in Dogs

    Non-inflammatory Metabolic Myopathy in Dogs
     
    Noninflammatory metabolic myopathy is a rare muscle disease associated with metabolic disorders like various enzyme defects or storage of abnormal metabolic byproducts and others.
     
    Little is known about how the disorder affects dogs exactly, but English springer spaniels, American cocker spaniels, German shepherds, Akitas, curly-coated retrievers, clumber spaniels, Sussex spaniels, old English sheepdogs, Lapland dogs are all predisposed to the disease. 
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Muscular weakness
    …read more

  • Miscarriage Due to Bacterial Infection (Brucellosis) in Dogs

    Brucellosis in Dogs
     
    Brucellosis is a contagious bacterial disease that affects several animal species. In dogs, this condition is caused by a bacterium known as Brucella canis. The bacteria are typically spread through breeding and through contact with tissue remains from miscarried pregnancies, but may also be spread through an infected mother’s milk. An infected bitch may spontaneously abort the pregnancy, or may have a marked decrease in her fertility levels. If she does carry the puppies to term, they often still die as a result of infection, since puppies have unde …read more

  • Miscarriage in Dogs

    Spontaneous Abortion and Pregnancy Loss in Cats 
     
    There are several methods for performing a safe abortion for a dog, as well as instances in which the pregnancy could spontaneously abort or miscarry. It is important to note that dogs can experience spontaneous abortions and lost pregnancies for a variety of medical reasons.
     
    If a dog owner is considering aborting an unwanted pregnancy, seeking professional medical advice and assistance is recommended, so that a full risk and side effect evaluation can be done. In the event that the pregnancy is lost or spontaneously abort …read more

  • Mouth Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Salivary Gland Adenocarcinoma in Dogs
     
    The salivary glands produce and secrete saliva to help in lubrication and improve the solubility of food, an essential component of the digestive process. There are four major salivary glands, including the mandibular, sublingual, parotid, and zygomatic gland. Adenocarcinoma can affect any of these salivary glands, but the most commonly affected gland in dogs is the mandibular gland.
     
    Adenocarcinoma is characterized as originating in the glandular tissue, and like other carcinomas, can be especially malignant, spreading quickly throughout …read more

  • Mouth Cancer (Amelobastoma) in Dogs

    Ameloblastoma in Dogs
     
    Ameloblastoma, previously known as adamantinoma, is an uncommon neoplasm that affects the tooth structures in dogs. In most cases the mass is found to be benign in nature, but a rare, highly invasive malignant form is also recognized in some dogs. It may be present at any place within the dental arcade. As with many cancers, ameloblastoma mainly affects middle-aged or older dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Ameloblastoma is usually benign in nature and remains well localized. You may notice a firm and smooth mass covering the gingival space. The presence …read more

  • Mouth Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs

    Oral Chondrosarcoma in Dogs
     
    Chondrosarcomas are characteristic for their slow but progressive invasion of the surrounding tissues. These malignant, cancerous tumors originate in the cartilage, the connective tissue between bones. They are often mistaken for benign (non-spreading) tumors because of their slow spread and lack of symptoms. They are often found by accident, when they have become large enough to notice, appearing as a lump in the mouth or under the skin of the face, or when they have started to cause pain for the affected animal.
     
    These tumors have a smooth to slig …read more

  • Mouth Cancer (Gingiva Fibrosarcoma) in Dogs

    Gingival Fibrosarcoma in Dogs
     
    As dogs age, they sometimes develop growths in their mouths. One type of oral growth is a fibrosarcoma, a cancerous tumor derived from fibrous connective tissue. Fibrosarcomas are relatively low in malignancy, growing slowly and generally not spreading to other organs, though they do aggressively invade other tissue and bone that is near them. The most common location for a fibrosarcoma of the the mouth is in the gums (gingiva).
     
    Dogs that are affected with fibrosarcomas are, on average, seven and a half years old, but these tumors have been seen …read more

  • Mouth Cancer (Gingiva Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

    Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs
     
    Carcinoma, a type of tissue cancer that is particularly virulent, can occur in any part of the body, including the mouth. This form of cancer has the capability of metastasizing quickly through the body, often with fatal results. Of the several types of cancerous oral growths that a dog can be affected by, a squamous cell carcinoma is the most common one. These tumors grow very rapidly and typically invade nearby bone and tissue. Unlike other carcinomas these tumors do not usually spread to other organs, but, like other carcinomas, they are mai …read more

  • Mouth Cancer (Melanocytic) in Dogs

    Oral Melanocytic Tumors in Dogs
     
    Melanocytic tumors of the oral cavity arise from a local invasion of neoplastic melanocytic cells, or melanin-producing cells found in multiple sites throughout the body, including the mouth and skin. These tumors arise from the gingival surface and are aggressive in nature. They are usually raised, irregular, ulcerated, have a dead surface, and are highly invasive to bone.
     
    Melanocytic tumors are the most common oral malignant tumors in dogs, commonly affecting dogs over 10 years of age. Such tumors may cause death as these render animals unabl …read more

  • Mouth Cancer in Dogs

    Undifferentiated Oral Cavity Tumors in Dogs
     
    Undifferentiated oral tumors in dogs are usually found on the roof of the mouth or around the upper teeth. They grow very quickly, involving the bone and tissue near them, and they metastasize quickly and easily to other areas of the body. They are some of the most difficult types of cancer to treat. These tumors are usually seen in large dog breeds between the ages of six months and twenty-two months old. It is uncommon for young dogs to get tumors, but on rare occasions it does happen. One type of tumor that is found in dogs is an undiff …read more

  • Mouth Inflammation and Ulcers (Chronic) in Dogs

    Oral Ulceration and Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis in Dogs
     
    Oral ulceration and chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS) is a disease of the mouth which causes painful ulcers on the gums and mucosal lining of the mouth cavity. The cause of this condition has been determined to be a hypersensitive immune response to bacteria and plaque on the tooth surfaces, and sometimes signs of CUPS will start subsequent to a dental cleaning, when these materials are loosened in the mouth.
     
    While it appears that manipulation and antigenic stimulation (substances that stimulat …read more

  • Mucopolysaccharidoses in Dogs

    Metabolic Disorders Due to Lysomal Enzyme Deficiency in Dogs
     
    Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of GAGs (glycosaminoglycans, or mucopolysaccharides) due to the impaired functions of lysosomal enzymes. It is the mucopolysaccharides which help in building bones, cartilage, skin, tendons, corneas, and the fluid responsible for lubricating joints.
     
    Plott hounds, Labrador retrievers, wire-haired dachunds, Huntaway (sheep) dogs, miniature pinschers, miniature schnauzers, Welsh corgis, mixed breeds, and German shepherds are pred …read more

  • Mucus in Dog Stool

    What Causes Mucus in Stool?
     
    Usually, you need not worry about seeing a small amount of mucus in your pet’s stool. Dog stool normally contains some mucus — a slime-like substance made by the intestines to keep the lining of the colon lubricated and moist.
     
    But if you notice an excessive amount of mucus in the stool, or if it is accompanied with blood or a radical change in your dog’s bowel movements, seek immediate veterinary medical attention. He or she will be better able to identify the underlying cause and recommend a proper course of treatment. Common causes include:
    &nb …read more

  • Muscle Contraction Disease (Myoclonus) in Dogs

    Myoclonus in Dogs
     
    The term “myoclonus” is used to denote a condition in which a portion of a muscle, entire muscle, or group of muscles contracts in a coarse, repetitive, involuntary, and rhythmic manner at rates up to 60 times per minute (sometimes even occurring during sleep).
     
    These abnormal contractions occur due to nervous dysfunction and most commonly affect groups of muscles involved in chewing and/or any of the skeletal muscles of the limbs. Myoclonus is also seen in cats, though it …read more

  • Muscle Cramps in Scottish Terriers

    Noninflammatory Hereditary Scotty Cramp in Scottish Terrier
     
    “Scotty Cramp” is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder characterized by periodic cramps. It is seen in Scottish Terriers, especially those less than one year of age.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms do not typically arise until the dog exercises or becomes overly excited. The episode(s) may continue for up to 30 minutes and include such signs as:
     

    Gasping, shortness of breath; the dog may even stop breathing for a short time
    Contraction of facial muscles

  • Muscle Tear in Dogs

    Muscle Rupture in Dogs
     
    A normal muscle can be stretched, pinched, or injured directly, resulting in fiber disruption, weakening, and immediate or delayed separation of the uninjured portions. Normal activity may cause muscle disruption. Alternatively, the muscle structure may be compromised by systemic or iatrogenic (physician-caused) conditions. The rupture may be complete or incomplete, and may be in the middle of the muscle or at the muscle-tendon junction. The acute (sudden and severe) stage is characterized by a typical inflammatory reaction that becomes chronic over time, with c …read more

  • Mushroom Poisoning in Dogs

     
    Mushroom poisoning occurs as a result of ingesting toxic mushrooms, which is a common hazard for dogs because of the amount of time they spend outdoors or in wooded areas, particularly in the summer and fall. Toxic mushrooms are classified into four categories (A, B, C, D), based on the clinical signs and their time of onset, and into seven groups (1-7) on the basis of the toxin they contain. However, because it is sometimes difficult to identify what type of mushroom your dog has consumed, you should always bring the suspected mushroom with you when you take your dog to the veterinari …read more

  • Myelin Deficiency in Dogs

    Hypomyelination in Dogs
     
    Hypomyelination is a congenital condition caused by insufficient myelin production in the body. A fatty substance that covers the axons (the portions of the nerve cells that transfer impulses to other cells of the body), myelin serves an important function for the nerve cells: as an insulator, protecting the nerve from outside influences, and as an aid for forwarding the process of cellular transmission of nervous system actions. This condition affects the central nervous system (CNS), with related tremors that are most apparent when a dog is active.
     
    C …read more

  • Myeloproliferative Disorders in Dogs

     
    Myeloproliferative Disorders are a group of disorders that involve excess cell production originating from the bone marrow. Although they are not associated with neoplastic tissues, like other cancers, myeloproliferative disorders are classified within blood cancers.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Lethargy
    Weakness
    Anemia
    Recurrent infections
    Pale mucous membranes
    Weight loss
    …read more

  • Narcolepsy and Cataplexy in Dogs

    Attacks of Sleep and Weakness in Dogs
     
    Narcolepsy and cataplexy are disorders of the nervous system. Narcolepsy occurs when an animal suffers from excessive daytime sleepiness, lack of energy, or brief losses of consciousness. The episodes are brief and go away by themselves. Cataplexy is characterized by sudden muscle paralysis without loss of consciousness. The animal remains alert and can follow movement with its eyes throughout the episode. Cataplexy is similar to narcolepsy in that the episodes are spontaneous, brief, and reversible. These disorders are relatively common in dogs. …read more

  • Narrowed Bronchi in Dogs

    Bronchiectasis in Dogs
     
    The trachea, or wind pipe, divides into two main bronchi, which further divide several more times into smaller bronchioles, forming the bronchial tree that feeds air into the lungs.
     
    In bronchiectasis, bronchi are irreversibly dilated due to destruction of elastic and muscular components of airway walls, with or without accompanying accumulation of lung secretions. Dilatation and accumulation of secretions perpetuates lung damage, invite infections to settle, and compromise the lung functions in patient. American

  • Narrowing of Pyloric Canal in Dogs

    Chronic Hypertrophic Pyloric Gastropathy in Dogs
     
    Chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy, or pyloric stenosis, or, is the narrowing of the pyloric canal due to an overgrowth of muscles of the region. This region of the stomach connects with the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum. The exact cause of the disease is still unknown, but it has been found to be either congenital (existing at birth) in nature or acquired later in life.
     
    Cases of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is found to be common in the boxer, Boston terrier, and bulldog. The acquired d …read more

  • Narrowing of the Anal or Rectal Opening in Dogs

    Rectal Stricture in Dogs
     
    Rectal stricture is a condition where the rectal or anal opening is constricted due to the presence of scar tissue from inflammation, a previous injury, or an aggressive cancer growth. This narrow opening(s) obstructs the passage of stools, thereby resulting in issues with the cat’s digestive system. Rectal stricture is not hereditary.
     
    Dogs and cats of both genders, and most breeds and ages may be affected by strictures. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit

  • Narrowing of the Esophagus in Dogs

    Esophageal Stricture in Dogs
     
    The esophagus is the tubular organ that runs from the throat to the stomach; an esophageal stricture is an abnormal narrowing of the inner open space of the esophagus. It can affect dogs at any age, and there is no apparent genetic factor involved.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
    Symptoms and Types
      …read more

  • Narrowing of Vertebral Canal in Dogs

    Lumbosacral Stenosis and Cauda Equina Syndrome in Dogs
     
    A dog’s spine is composed of multiple bones with disks located in between adjacent bones called vertebrae. Seven cervical vertebrae are located in the neck (C1-C7), 13 thoracic vertebrae are present from the shoulder to the end of the ribs (T1-T13), seven lumbar vertebrae are present in the area starting from the end of the ribs to the pelvis (L1-L7), with the remaining vertebrae called sacral and coccygeal (tail) vertebrae.
     
    Cauda equina syndrome involves the narrowing of the vertebral canal, resulting in compressio …read more

  • Nasal Passage Narrowing in Dogs

    Nasopharyngeal Stenosis in Dogs
     
    Nasopharyngeal stenosis is a narrowing of one of the four portions of the nasal cavity on either side of nasal septum. Any of the four portions can be affected, which include the common, inferior, middle, and superior portions. The nasal septum is the part of nose that separates the two airways in the nostrils.
     
    The narrowing may occur due to the formation of a thin but tough membrane in the passage of the nasal cavity. Chronic inflammation and subsequent fibrosis (formation of excess fibrous tissue) after an infection is one of the probable cau …read more

  • Neck and Back Pain in Dogs

     
    Unfortunately, your dog can not tell you where it hurts, and it can be difficult to determine the exact location when your dog has been injured and is in obvious pain. Your veterinarian may even have trouble determining the location. And because there are a number of causes for neck and back pain, zeroing in on the underlying cause may take some time.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Change in posture
    Abnormal spine alignment (i.e., back is curved upward)
    Visible trauma to areas around the spine (e.g., bruises, discoloration)
    < ...read more

  • Nerve Disorder Affecting Multiple Nerves in Dogs

    Peripheral Neuropathy (Polyneuropathies) in Dogs
     
    Polyneuropathy is a nerve disorder that affects multiple peripheral nerves. Unlike the central nervous system, which has the vertebrae of the spine, and the bone of the skull to protect it, the peripheral nerves are more exposed to the elements that enter into the body and come into contact with the body, so they are more susceptible to physical injury and toxic damage. They are spread over the entire body, and are responsible for conscious, coordinated movement (somatic), for automatic physical responses (autonomic), and for the moveme …read more

  • Nerve Sheath Tumor in Dogs

    Schwannoma in Dogs
     
    Schwannomas are tumors that originate in the myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is produced by the Schwann cell, a specialized cell which surrounds the peripheral nerves, providing mechanical and physical support for the nerves as well as insulating the nerves that transmit the nervous system’s electrical signals. The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves outside of the central nervous system (brain and spine). Peripheral nerve sheath tumor is the term that has been proposed to include schwannomas, neurofibromas (nerve fiber tumors), neurofibrosarcoma …read more

  • Nerve/Muscle Disorder in Dogs

    Myasthenia Gravis in Dogs
     
    Myasthenia gravis is a disorder of signal transmission between the nerves and muscles (known as neuromuscular transmission), characterized by muscular weakness and excessive fatigue. The disorder is congenital (present at birth) and familial (runs in families or lines). Jack Russell terriers, English springer spaniels, smooth fox terriers; smooth-haired miniature dachshunds have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for the disease.
     
    It can also be acquired (not inherited, but present later in life/after birth), but as with other autoimmune disea …read more

  • Neuropathic Pain in Dogs

    Pain from the Nervous System in Dogs
     
    Neuropathic pain commonly results from an injury or disease relating to the body’s nerves and how they function, or within the spinal cord itself. This particular kind of pain is difficult to pinpoint, especially in patients that are unable to respond to specific inducements.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Damage to the tissues of the body, and the nerves running through them, creates a constant (chronic) pain that is brought on by a light touch to the affected area and/or a heightened perception of pain. Pain originating within the spi …read more

  • Noisy Breathing in Dogs

    Stertor and Stridor in Dogs
     
    Unusually loud breathing sounds are often the result of air passing through abnormally narrowed passageways, meeting resistance to airflow because of partial blockage of these regions. The origin may be the back of the throat (nasopharynx), the throat (pharynx), the voice box (larynx), or the windpipe (trachea). Abnormal breathing sounds of this type can be heard without using a stethoscope.
     
    Stertor is noisy breathing that occurs during inhalation. It is a low-pitched, snoring type of sound that usually arises from the vibration of fluid, or the vi …read more

  • Non-Inflammatory Hereditary Muscle Disease in Dogs

    Non-inflammatory Hereditary Myotonia in Dogs
     
    Non-inflammatory hereditary myotonia is a muscle disease characterized by persistent contraction or delayed relaxation of muscles, especially during movement. Although it can be acquired later in life — often experimentally induced with ingestion of herbicides — this article pertains to congenital myotonia, which is often seen in chow chows and miniature schnauzers.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The symptoms below are commonly associated with non-inflammatory hereditary myotonia; they may improve after exercise and/or worsen due to …read more

  • Non-inflammatory Myopathy of Endocrine Origin in Dogs

     
    This form of non-inflammatory myopathy is a type of muscle disease caused by endocrine maladies such as hypo- and hyperthyroidism. However, non-inflammatory myopathy of endocrine origin has also been associated with corticosteroid use.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Muscle weakness
    Loss of muscle bulk
    Stiffness
    Cramps
    Regurgitation
    Difficulty in swallowing (

  • Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Toxicity in Dogs

     
    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity is one of the more common forms of toxicity, and is among the ten most common poisoning cases reported to the National Animal Poison Control Center. Classified as carboxylic acids (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen) or enolic acids (e.g., phenylbutazone, dipyrone), NSAIDs can be extremely toxic when ingested over the long-term (chronic) or when acutely ingested.
     
    Species differ greatly in how their bodies absorb, excrete, and metabolize NSAID agents, but both dogs and cats are susceptible to NSAID toxicity. In fact, if left untreated, it can …read more

  • Nose and Sinus cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

    Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs
     
    The respiratory system has many parts, but the two important parts of the upper respiratory system are the nose and paranasal sinuses. The paranasal sinuses are hollow spaces in the bones of the skull. They connect with the nose and help to add moisture to the air that a dog breathes in through its nose. Both the inside of the nose and the paranasal sinuses are covered in the same type of tissue, called the epithelium. The outer layer of this tissue is scale like, and is called the squamous epithelium. Tumors that grow from this squamous epitheliu …read more

  • Nose and Sinus Inflammation in Dogs

    Rhinitis and Sinusitis in Dogs
     
    Rhinitis refers to the inflammation of an animal’s nose; sinusitis, meanwhile, refers to the inflammation of the nasal passages. Both medical conditions can cause a mucus discharge to develop. With prolonged inflammation, bacterial infections are common.
     
    Older dogs will often experience the growth and presence of abnormal tissue (neoplasia), or dental disease, resulting in inflammation.
     
    Rhinitis and sinusitis may occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how these disorders affects dogs, please visit

  • Nose Bleed in Dogs

    Epistaxis in Dogs
     
    A bleeding nose can come from several sources. One may be the result of a condition called coagulopathy — a condition where the blood is not coagulating as it should. There are several other possible causes for nose bleeds, such as a wound or injury that is not apparent, as from a snake bite,  or it may be from a disease, like cancer in an organ, leukemia, or a number of other diseases. Regardless of the cause, this is a condition that needs to be checked by your veterinarian promptly.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can …read more

  • Nose Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Nasal Adenocarcinoma in Dogs
     
    Nose cancer (or nasal adenocarcinoma) occurs when too many cells in the animal’s nasal and sinus passages come together. The disease progresses slowly and occurs both in dogs and cats. Studies have shown nose cancer is more common in larger animal breeds than in smaller ones, and it may be more common in males than females. Options exist when the disease is caught early and aggressively treated.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects c …read more

  • Nose Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs

    Chondrosarcoma of the Nasal and Paranasal Sinuses in Dogs
     
    A chondrosarcoma (CSA) is the second most common primary tumor in dogs, accounting for ten percent of all primary bone tumors. This is a malignant, invasive and fast spreading tumor in dogs. A CSA of the nasal and paranasal sinuses arises from the mesenchymal tissue, a connective collagenous tissue that is found throughout the body, and metastasizes to other parts of the body, including the nasal bones. It usually occurs on one side of the nasal cavity and extends to the other side over time.
     
    Breeds that have been rep …read more

  • Nose Cancer (Fibrosarcoma) in Dogs

    Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Fibrosarcoma in Dogs
     
    Nasal and paranasal fibrosarcoma is characterized by a malignant tumor based in the connective tissue of the nasal passage or in the surrounding area. A fibrosarcoma specifically refers to the abnormal development of cells. It is typically a slow and invasive process that progresses to a critical state before it is discovered.
     
    This medical condition usually affects dogs between the ages of nine and twelve. Gender is associated with this condition as well, with male dogs being more prone to fibrosarcoma than females. If treated, a …read more

  • Nose Pad Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

    Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Nasal Planum in Dogs
     
    The epithelium is the cellular covering of all of the internal and external surfaces of the body, protecting the organs, inner cavities and outer surfaces of the body in a continuous layer of multi-layered tissue. The squamous epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of the outer layer of flat, scale-like cells, which are called squamous cells.
     
    In this case, squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum arises from the tissue in the nose pad, or in the mucous membranes of the nose. A squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant …read more

  • Obesity in Dogs

    Excessive Weight in Dogs
     
    Obesity is a nutritional disease which is defined by an excess of body fat. Dogs that are over nourished, lack the ability to exercise, or that have a tendency to retain weight are the most at risk for becoming obese. Obesity can result in serious adverse health effects, such as reducing the lifespan, even if your dog is only moderately obese. Multiple areas of the body are affected by excess body fat, including the bones and joints, the digestive organs, and the organs responsible for breathing capacity.
     
    Obesity is common in dogs of all ages, but it …read more

  • Optic Nerve Swelling in Dogs

    Optic Neuritis in Dogs
     
    Optic neuritis refers to a condition in which one or both of the optic nerves are swollen, resulting in impaired visual function. The optic nerve, sometimes called the cranial nerve, is a nerve in the eye that takes visual information and transmits it to the brain. Optic neuritis affects the ophthalmic and nervous systems of the body.
     
    The primary form of optic neuritis is uncommon and usually affects only dogs younger than three years of age. The secondary form of optic neuritis, however, in which the disease is secondary to another disease, such as cen …read more

  • Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) in Dogs

    Excess Cartilage and Deficient Bone Growth in Dogs
     
    Endochondral ossification is a normal bone growth process by which cartilage is replaced by bone in the early development of the fetus. Osteochondrosis is a pathological condition in which normal endochondral ossification, the metamorphoses of cartilage to bone, is disturbed. The disturbance is often due to a disruption in the blood supply to the bone. The result is retention of excessive cartilage at the site as the process of endochondral ossification is halted, but cartilage continues to grow. The end result is abnormally thick reg …read more

  • Out-of-place Urethral Lining in Dogs

    Urethral Prolapse in Dogs
     
    Urethral prolapse is a condition where the urethra’s mucosal lining (the mucus-producing lining of the canal that carries urine out of the bladder) falls out of place, often moving to the outer portion of the urethra, vaginal, or penile opening, making it visible.
     
    Urethral prolapse can affect several other parts of a dog’s body, including the urinary bladder (the storage sac for urine), the urinary tract, reproductive organs, and the immune system.
     
    In many instances, no specific treatment is required unless there is a more serious underlying …read more

  • Ovarian Tumors in Dogs

    Ovarian Cysts in Dogs
     
    There are three kinds dog ovarian tumors: epithelial tumors (skin/tissue), germ cell tumors (sperm and ova), and stromal tumors (connective tissue). The most common type of ovarian tumor in dogs is ovarian carcinomas. Granulosa cells are follicular cells (hollow cells) surrounded by theca cells (which form a surrounding sheath). Ovarian tumors are prone to metastasizing (spreading), and some are capable of producing hormones.
     
    The tumors described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease …read more

  • Overproduction of Estrogen in Dogs

    Hyperestrogenism in Dogs
     
    Estrogen — a type of hormone — is naturally produced in female dogs. It is responsible for normal sexual behavior and development, and the customary biological function of the female reproductive tract. Overproduction of estrogen can result in what is known as estrogen toxicity (hyperestrogenism). This can happen without any outside interference or it can occur when estrogens are being introduced artificially.
     
    Estrogens sometimes cause abnormal (cystic) cells to line the uterus and this permits the invasion of bacteria from the vagina. The cervix is …read more

  • Overproduction of Red Blood Cells in Dogs

    Polycythemia in Dogs
     
    Polycythemia is a rather serious blood condition, characterized as an abnormal increase in the amount of red blood cells in the circulatory system. It entails an increase in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (the red pigment of the blood cell), and in red blood cell (RBC) count, above the reference intervals, due to a relative, transient, or absolute increase in the number of circulating red blood cells.
     
    Polycythemia is classified as relative, transient, or absolute. Relative polycythemia develops when a decrease in plasma volume, usually …read more

  • Pain (Acute, Chronic and Postoperative) in Dogs

    Sharp/Sudden Pain, Long Term Pain or Pain Following a Surgical Procedure in Dogs
     
    One of the biggest challenges in animal care is determining your dog’s source of pain. This is partly due to their limited ability to convey the pain. Dogs vary greatly in their specific responses to pain; the animal’s age, species, experience, and current environment will all affect their response levels.
     
    There are numerous causes of pain; most are commonly associated with tissue damage. Treatment options are available that can help to reduce the amount of pain your dog is experiencing.
     
    …read more

  • Painful Abdomen in Dogs

    Peritonitis in Dogs
     
    Peritonitis is often associated with acute abdominal pain due to the sudden inflammation of the abdominal tissues, or peritoneum, hence the name for the condition. This causes fluid to shift into the peritoneal cavity, leading to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Peritonitis may be due to infectious causes such as the stomach flu or non-infectious causes such as a hernia.
     
    While younger dogs tend to have acute abdomen due to infectious and traumatic causes, malignant cancers are more often the cause of acute abdomen in older dogs. It is crucial …read more

  • Painful and Frequent Urination in Dogs

    Dysuria and Pollakiuria in Dogs
     
    Dysuria is a condition that leads to painful urination in the animal, while pollakiuria refers to abnormally frequent urination. While the urinary bladder and urethra normally serve to store and release the urine, these two disorders affect the lower urinary tract by damaging the bladder wall or stimulating the nerve endings in the bladder or urethra. In other words, you’ll have a pet that goes to the bathroom often, and it may even have pain or discomfort when it urinates.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect b …read more

  • Pancreatic Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in Dogs
     
    A neoplasm, or tumor, can be either benign or malignant in nature. A carcinoma is a type of malignant tumor found in both humans and animals, and tends to be particularly malignant, with recurring growth after surgical excision. Adenocarcinomas are characterized as glandular in structure, and/or originating in the glandular tissue. This type of tumor is rare in dogs, but like other carcinomas it grows rapidly and metastasizes to distant parts and organs of the body. In most dogs metastasis is found at the time of diagnosis, thus making treatment diffi …read more

  • Pancreatic Cancer (Glucagonoma) in Dogs

    Glucagonoma in Dogs
     
    Glucagonoma refers to a rare neoplasm (an abnormal growth of cells) of alpha-pancreatic islet cells that actively secrete glucagon, a hormone involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Many of these cells also secrete other hormones, such as insulin (a hormone largely involved in metabolism) and gastrin (a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid in the stomach). The excess of glucagon circulating in the body can result in a number of responses, including an increased breakdown of proteins into amino acids (a process known as protein catabolism), and an …read more

  • Pancreatic Cancer (Insulinoma) in Dogs

    Insulinoma in Dogs
     
    Insulinomas are malignant neoplasms — fast growing cancer cells — of the beta cells in the pancreas. The beta cells primarily secrete insulin, among other hormones. Insulin produces a variety of effects in the body — the primary one being to regulate glucose levels throughout the body’s cells. Because insulinomas secrete excessive insulin, the blood stream becomes low in glucose (a condition referred to as hypoglycemia), which causes weakness or neurological problems.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The most common symptom of an insulinoma is physical collap …read more

  • Paralysis Due to Spinal Cord Injury in Dogs

    Myelomalacia in Dogs
     
    “Myelomalacia” or “hematomyelia” is an acute, progressive, and ischemic (due to impaired blood supply) necrosis of the spinal cord after injuring the spinal cord. The premature death (necrosis) of the spinal cord cells first appears at the site of the injury but progresses forward and backward from the point of injury over time.
     
    Dogs and cats of any age or breed can succumb to this condition.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    …read more

  • Paralysis Due to Spinal Cord Lesion in Dogs

    Schiff-Sherrington Phenomenon in Dogs
     
    Schiff-Sherrington phenomenon occurs when the spinal cord is transected by an acute, usually severe lesion to the second lumbar vertebrae (located in the lower back), causing exaggerated posturing in the upper extremities (front limb extension). Hind limb paralysis (regarded as the release phenomenon) can also occur due to damage to the border cells and interneurons located in the lumbar spinal cord (mainly L2-4), which normally exert influence on the spinal segments below the transection.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Unusual …read more

  • Paralysis in Dogs

    Loss of Body Movement in Dogs
     
    A dog’s ability to move around and perform its daily activities depends on the ability of the brain, spine, nerves and muscles to coordinate in assembly. This complex communication system involves nerves in the brain sending messages about the outer environment to the body, and the body sending messages to the brain regarding what it is actually experiencing in the environment. These messages are transmitted through nerves in the spinal cord, which is embedded in the vertebral, or spinal, column. Together, the nerves in the brain and spinal cord mak …read more

  • Paralysis of the Jaw in Dogs

    Trigeminal Neuritis in Dogs
     
    Sudden onset of the inability to close the jaw owing to dysfunction of the mandibular (jaw) branch of the trigeminal nerves (one of the cranial nerves) is a treatable medical condition called trigeminal nerve neuritis (inflammation). This is often due to nerve injury, which ranges from neuritis, demyelination (loss of the fatty sheath around the nerve which helps conduct the signal), and sometimes to fiber degeneration of all the branches of the trigeminal nerve and the nerve cell body.
     
    Although it is occasionally seen in

  • Parasitic Blood Infection (Haemobartonellosis) in Dogs

    Hemotrophic Mycoplasmosis (Haemobartonellosis) in Dogs
     
    The mycoplasma is a class of bacterial parasites belonging to the order of Mollicutes. They are able to survive without oxygen, and lack true cell walls, making them resistant to antibiotics and therefore a greater challenge to detect and treat. They are the most common cause of urinary tract infections and pneumonia.
     
    Hemotrophic mycoplasmosis is the result of infection of the red blood cells by the mycoplasma parasite M. haemocanis. Dogs usually will not show signs of illness or suffer from severe anemi …read more

  • Parasitic Infection of the Respiratory Tract in Dogs

    Respiratory Parasites in Dogs
     
    Respiratory parasites can be classified as worms, or as insects such as maggots or mites that live in the respiratory system. They can be found in the passages of the respiratory tract or in the blood vessels, including the upper respiratory tract (nose, throat, and windpipe), or the lower respiratory passage (bronchi, lungs).
     
    Such parasites can affect all of the host’s systems: the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system (the heart), the circulatory system and the endocrine system (the liver and kidneys).
     
    Households with mul …read more

  • Particles in the Urine in Dogs

    Cylindruria in Dogs
     
    Cylindruria is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high amount of particle matter (casts) in urine sediment. This may indicate that there is a primary kidney disease, or that there is a systemic (whole body) disorder that is affecting the kidneys secondarily. An analysis of the urine (urinalysis) must be done within two hours, since the casts will typically dissolve after two hours.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, p …read more

  • Pelger-Huët Anomaly in Dogs

     
    Pelger-Huët anomaly is an inherited disorder characterized by the hyposegmentation of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), whereby the nucleus of the cells has only two lobes or no lobes at all. For the most part, this is a harmless disorder which affects several breeds of dogs, including the American foxhound, Australian shepherd, and basenji.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    There are two types of this benign defect: heterozygous and homozygous. The heterozygous version is more common and is recognized because the dog’s mature neutrophils resemble bands (slightly immatu …read more

  • Perineal Hernia in Dogs

     
    When the muscles in the pelvic diaphragm of an animal fail to provide necessary support, a hernia can develop causing a great amount of pain and discomfort. A hernia of the perineal area is more common in dogs than in cats, and in males rather than in females. Treatment often involves surgery and then prescription drugs to ease the animal’s pain.
     
    Symptoms and Types 
     
    Physical symptoms can include swelling of the perineal area, protrusion from the pelvis or surrounding areas, and the inability to control the bowels.
     
    Causes 
     
    While a hernia of …read more

  • Phosphofructokinase Deficiency in Dogs

     
    Phosphofructokinase is the most important rate-controlling enzyme required for glycolysis, the metabolic pathway that coverts glucose into pyruvate, thereby releasing energy to be used for a variety of functions such as maintaining the shape of red blood cells. Phosphofructokinase deficiency also greatly inhibits the energy skeletal muscles require for exercising.
     
    This metabolic disorder has a genetic basis, mainly affecting English Springer spaniels, American cocker spaniels, and mixed-breed dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms associated with this disorder wil …read more

  • Pink Growths in the Nose in Dogs

    Nasal Polyps in Dogs
     
    Nasal polyps refer to protruding pink polypoid growths that are benign (not cancerous), and that are found to arise from the mucous membranes – the moist tissues lining the nose. The symptoms caused by nasal polyps can mimic illness, but do not respond to antibiotic therapy.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Nasal congestion
    Nasal discharge that is unresponsive to antibiotics
    Sneezing
    Decreased nasal airflow
    Noisy …read more

  • Pit Viper Bite Poisoning in Dogs

    Pit Viper Snake Venom Toxicosis in Dogs
     
    Pit vipers are of the family Crotalinae, and are known by several species: Crotalus (rattlesnakes), Sistrurus (pigmy rattlesnakes and massassauga), and Agkistrodon (copperheads and cottonmouth water moccasins). These snakes have retractable fangs and can be distinguished by the heat-seeking pit located between the nostril and eye on their triangle-shaped heads. Their range is throughout the continental U.S. Bites most often occur in …read more

  • Pneumonia (Aspiration) in Dogs

    Pneumonia from Inhalation of Foreign Matter in Dogs
     
    Aspiration (or inhalation) pneumonia is a condition in which a dog’s lungs become inflamed due to the inhalation of foreign matter, from vomiting, or from the regurgitation of gastric acid contents. Aspiration pneumonia can also be a direct result of a neuromuscular disorder, which would cause difficulty with swallowing, as well as problems associated with the esophagus, with possible paralysis of the esophagus.
     
    Other causes for a dysfunction o …read more

  • Pneumonia (Bacterial) in Dogs

     
    Pneumonia is a condition which refers to an inflammation of the lungs. Bacterial pneumonia, meanwhile, refers to an inflammation of the lungs in response to a disease-causing bacteria. This inflammation is characterized by an accumulation of inflammatory cells and fluid in the lungs, airways, and alveoli (the portion of the airways in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged).
     
    Prognosis for bacterial pneumonia is generally good if properly treated. However, there are two secondary conditions that may result from bacterial pneumonia, and which are associated with increased …read more

  • Pneumonia (Fungal) in Dogs

    Fungal Pneumonia in Dogs
     
    Fungal pneumonia refers to a form of pneumonia in which the lungs become inflammed due to a deep fungal infection, known as a mycotic infection. The inflammation in this form of pneumonia may occur in the interstitial tissues (the spaces between the tissue cells); in the lymphatic vessels (the vessels within the body that transport white-blood-cell-rich lymph liquid); or in the peribronchial tissues of the lung (the tissues surrounding the bronchi — the airways going from the windpipe to the lungs).
     
    Both dogs and cats may develop fungal pneumonia, al …read more

  • Pneumonia (Interstitial) in Dogs

    Interstitial Pneumonia in Dogs
     
    Pneumonia refers to an inflammation in the lungs, while interstitial pneumonia refers to a form of pneumonia in which the inflammation occurs in the walls of the alveoli (the air cells of the lungs), or in the interstitium (the spaces between the tissue cells of the alveoli). The alveoli are cellular components of the airway where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
     
    Interstitial pneumonia can occur in both cats and dogs, with some breeds being more susceptible than others. For example, the West Highland White Terrier and Bull Terrier are be …read more

  • Pneumonia Due to Overactive Immune Response in Dogs

    Eosinophilic Pneumonia in Dogs
     
    The term pneumonia refers to an inflammation of the lungs. The lungs can become inflamed as the result of many conditions. One of these is antigens — foreign substances that generate an immune response in the body, leading to an abnormal accumulation of a type of white-blood cells called an eosinophil. They also become more active in response to parasites in the body. Ideally, eosinophils help the body to fight against the antigens or parasites that the body is attempting to eliminate or neutralize. An antigen may enter the body through inhalation, in …read more

  • Poisoning by Petroleum Products in Dogs

    Petroleum Hydrocarbon Toxicosis in Dogs
     
    Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicosis is a severe and disease-like reaction  that occurs when a dog is exposed to refined petroleum oil products, or ingests products of this type.
     
    Petroleum products that commonly poison small animals are fuels, solvents, lubricants, and waxes, as well as some pesticides and paints that have a petroleum base. Petroleum products like benzene and turpentine are more likely to be inhaled into the lungs, causing chemical pneumonitis, a life-threatening condition in which the petroleum product spreads all over …read more

  • Possessive and Territorial Aggression in Dogs

     
    Some dogs are dangerous to other dogs, and even to humans, while they are eating. In fact, dogs can be aggressive in guarding everything they consider their possessions, such as food, bowls, items they steal or find, and toys. They are also very territorial and will defend any area they consider to be under their domain (e.g., the home).
     
    Is this aggression dangerous? Absolutely. However, this is normal behavior. Dogs are bred to protect, and at times it may be an issue of training and learned behavior. A secure fence is one solution but be aware that no fence is absolutely sec …read more

  • Posterior Displacement of the Bladder in Dogs

    Pelvic Bladder in Dogs
     
    The term “pelvic bladder” involves displacement of the bladder from its normal position and affected size and/or position of the urethra. This condition is usually seen in young intact female dogs with urination problems but some dogs with pelvic bladder don’t show urination problems.
     
    This condition is more common in dogs than cats presumably due to shorter size of urethra in dogs. In addition, it may occur in dogs of both sexes, either intact or neutered, although it is more common common in intact females less than year of age. In male …read more

  • Postpartum Low Blood Calcium in Dogs

    Postpartum Eclampsia in Dogs
     
    Eclampsia is a deficiency of blood calcium (hypocalcemia) that develops in the weeks after giving birth, although it may develop prior to birth or during lactation. Also called “milk fever” or puerperal tetany, eclampsia is usually due to an underactive parathyroid gland, the gland that is responsible for regulating the parathyroid hormone, which in turn regulates the amount of calcium that is stored in the bones, to be removed as needed for use in the blood. As the parathyroid gland has not being signaled to stimulate the parathyroid hormone to …read more

  • Pouch-like Sacs on the Esophageal Wall in Dogs

    Esophageal Diverticula in Dogs
     
    Esophageal diverticula is characterized by large, pouch-like sacs on the esophageal wall. Pulsion diverticula is a pushing outward of the wall. This occurs as a consequence of increased pressure from within the esophagus, as seen with obstruction or failure of the esophageal muscles to move food through. Traction diverticula occurs secondary to inflammation, where fibrosis and contraction pull the wall of the esophagus out into a pouch. Diverticula most commonly occurs at the inlet to the esophagus or near the diaphragm, with food being taken into the mo …read more

  • Prostate Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Prostatic Adenocarcinoma in Dogs
     
    The prostate gland is an important part of the male reproductive system. It contains many valuable and essential enzymes, including calcium and citric acid,and also plays an important role in the protection and motility of sperm. The liquid secreted by the prostate gland aids in the liquefaction of semen after ejaculation, and in the protection of sperm in the vagina.
     
    Adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor originating in the glandular tissue, in this case the tissue of the prostate gland, with the capability for growing and metastasizing rapidly …read more

  • Prostate Disease in the Breeding Male Dog

    Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) in Dogs
     
    The prostate is the only accessory sex gland in the dog. In intact (non-neutered) dogs this gland increases in size and weight with advancing age. This is the most common disorder of the prostate in dogs older than six years and is a normal occurrence of aging. It is not necessarily a life-threatening condition by itself, but can result in a dog being more susceptible to other disorders, along with making the dog very uncomfortable.
     
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in dogs is a hormone mediated proliferation of cells that is commo …read more

  • Prostate Enlargement in Dogs

    Prostatomegaly in Dogs
     
    Prostatomegaly is a medical condition in which the prostate gland is abnormally large. This is determined by rectal or abdominal palpation, or by abdominal X-ray or ultrasound imaging of the prostate. The enlargement can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, painful or nonpainful. Normal prostate size varies with age, body size, castration status, and breed, so determination of the enlargement is subjective.
     
    Enlargement of the prostate gland can result from the proliferation or enlargement of epithelial cell (cells that line the cavities and surfaces of struc …read more

  • Prostate Gland Enlargement in Dogs

    Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Dogs
     
    The prostate gland is an essential part of the male reproductive system, secreting a liquid that contains simple sugars, citric acid, calcium, and a number of enzymes that work to balance out and protect the seminal fluid, aiding in its motility and survival so that it can fertilize a viable egg.
     
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common age-related problem in dogs. Hyperplasia, as a medical condition, is the indicative term used to describe an abnormal growth in the number of cells in any organ. In this case, the prostate gland. Wh …read more

  • Prostate Inflammation and Abscessation in Dogs

    Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscess in Dogs
     
    An abscess of the prostate is evidenced by a pus filled sac that may lead to prostatitis, which is an inflammation of the prostate. This is often the result of a long-standing infection that has gone undetected. Prostatitis is divided into two phases: acute (early), and chronic (later, farther into the disease).
     
    Acute prostatitis occurs with the sudden onset of a bacterial infection in the prostate. Occasionally, the abscess may rupture and its contents will spill into the abdominal cavity.
     
    Chronic prostatitis occurs when a l …read more

  • Prostatic Cysts in Dogs

    Cysts in the Prostate
     
    Prostatic cysts in the dog have several associations: changes in the cells brought on by hormonal changes; retention cysts within the prostate that are cavitating (capable of forming a cavity in the tissue or organ); fluid-filled lesions with a distinct capsule (sac-like enclosure); and paraprostatic (close to the prostate) cysts that are cavitating, fluid-filled lesions with a distinct capsule. Prostatic cysts range in diameter from a few millimeters to more than 20 centimeters. Paraprostatic cysts usually arise on top and alongside the prostate, displacing the …read more

  • Protein Deposits in Liver (Amyloidosis) in Dogs

    Hepatic Amyloidosis in Dogs
     
    Amyloidosis refers to a group of disorders that share a common feature: the pathologic abnormal deposition of a fibrous protein called amyloid into various tissues of the body.
     
    Hepatic amyloidosis is the deposition of amyloid in the liver. The accumulation of amyloid often occurs secondary to an underlying inflammatory or lympho-proliferative disorder. For example, when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced in excessive quantities, amyloidosis can be a reaction to this condition. Or, it can occur as a familial disorder. Most affect …read more

  • Protein Deposits in the Body in Dogs

    Amyloidosis in Dogs
     
    Amyloidosis is a condition in which a waxy translucent substance – consisting primarily of protein – deposits in a dog’s organs and tissues, compromising normal functions. This substance is referred to as amyloid. Prolonged excess of this condition may lead to organ failure. The kidney and liver are the most commonly affected, but amyloid deposition can also take place in other organs as well and can have multiple causes. There is some disagreement as to whether amyloid causes the diseased condition or whether it is deposited in the organs as the result …read more

  • Protrusion of the Rectum and Anus in Dogs

    Rectal and Anal Prolapse in Dogs
     
    The rectum is the terminal end region of the large intestine, with the anus serving as an extension of the rectum, opening to allow digestive waste to leave the body. Anal or rectal prolapse is a condition in which one or more layers of the rectum are displaced through the anus, the opening which allows digestive waste to leave the body. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including disorders of the digestive, urinary, or genital systems.
     
    Although dogs of any gender, age, or breed may be affected by this condition, those viral or worm i …read more

  • Puppy Strangles in Dogs

    Juvenile Cellulitis in Dogs
     
    Puppy strangles, or juvenile cellulitis, is a nodular and pustular skin disorder that affects puppies. It usually occurs between the ages of three weeks and four months, and is rarely seen in adult dogs. The face, pinnae (outer part of the ear), and salivary lymph nodes are the most common sites to be affected. The cause of this condition is unknown, but there are breeds that have been shown to be predisposed to it, including golden retrievers, dachshunds, and Gordon setters.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Acutely (sudden and severe) sw …read more

  • Pus Cavity Forming Under Tooth in Dogs

    Tooth Root (Apical) Abcess in Dogs
     
    Similar to humans, dogs can experience apical abscesses, or pus formations that form under or in the tissues surrounding the dog’s tooth. 
     
    Abscesses occur for a variety of reasons, cause extreme pain, and can be treated with much success. If left untreated, however, bacteria can spead into other areas of the mouth, causing serious medical conditions.
     
    Apical abscesses affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this condition affects cats, please visit

  • Pus in the Chest Cavity of Dogs

    Pyothorax in Dogs
     
    Pyothorax occurs when pus accumulates in the chest (pleural) cavity in response to an infection. Made up of white blood cells (neutrophils) and dead cells, pus is the body’s natural immune response to an infection. Eventually, the white blood cells die, leaving the thick whitish-yellow fluid that is characteristic of pus.
     
    Pus that accumulates in the chest cavity, however, differs from an abscess, in that it does not create an enclosed wall of tissue to inhibit the bacteria from spreading. Instead, the pus forms into sacs that line the pleura, eventually scar …read more

  • Pus in the Urine in Dogs

    Pyuria in Dogs
     
    Pyruria is a medical condition that is characterized by white blood cells in the urine. Large numbers of white blood cells in voided urine samples can indicate an active inflammation somewhere along the urogenital tract. Pyuria can also be associated with any pathologic process (infectious or noninfectious) that causes cellular injury or death; tissue damage can provoke oozing inflammation, characterized by evidence of pyuria and increased red blood cells and protein in the urine.
     
    Symptoms
     

    Local Effects of Inflammation

    …read more

  • Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in Dogs

     
    Pyruvate Kinase (PK) is an enzyme that plays an important role in energy generation and its deficiency impairs the red blood cells’ (RBCs) ability to metabolize, which in turn may cause anemia and other blood-related issues.
     
    Breeds more prone to PK deficiency include the basenji, beagle, West Highland white terrier, Cairn terrier, miniature poodle, dachshund, Chihuahua, pug, American Eskimo dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Anemia
    Weakness
    Muscle wasting
    Jaundice (rare)
    Pale mucous membranes
    …read more

  • Q Fever in Dogs

    Bacterial Zoonotic Disease in Dogs
     
    The Q fever disease is caused by the Coxiella burnetii, a pathogenic bacteria that is structurally similar to the Rickettsia bacteria but genetically different.
     
    A dogwill most commonly become infected with the organism if it ingests infected bodily fluids (i.e., urine, feces, milk, discharges), tissues, or diseased carcasses (e.g., those from cattle, sheep, or goats). The bacteria can also become airborne and is transmittable through fleas or lice, which carry C. burnetii in its parasitic form.
     
    Q fever is …read more

  • Rabies in Dogs

     
    Rabies is a severe, and often fatal, viral polioencephalitis that specifically affects the gray matter of the dog’s brain and its central nervous system (CNS). The primary way the rabies virus is transmitted to dogs in the United States is through a bite from a disease carrier: foxes, raccoons, skunks, and bats. Infectious virus particles are retained in a rabid animal’s salivary glands to better disseminate the virus through their saliva.
     
    Once the virus enters the dog’s body, it replicates in the cells of the muscles, and then spreads to the closest nerve fibers, including al …read more

  • Rapid Cellular Growth in Dogs

    Histiocytic Diseases in Dogs
     
    Histiocytic disease are uncommon skin disorders resulting from rapid and excessive growth of cells. This cellular behavior is medically described as cell proliferation.
     
    It occurs in young to middle-aged dogs, with a mean age of five years. There is no apparent gender predilection, and skin disease is not restricted to particular breeds, but systemic disease – where the skin disorder spread into the body system – has been reported predominantly in Bernese mountain dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Cutaneous histiocytosis

  • Rapid Heart Beat in Dogs

    Supraventricular Tachycardia in Dogs
     
    Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) refers to an abnormally rapid heart rate originating above the heart’s ventricles. This can occur during times of rest or low activity (i.e., at times other than exercise, illness, or stress). A heart rate that remains excessively high over the long-term (such as those seen with SVT) can lead to progressive myocardial (heart muscle) failure as well as congestive heart failure.
     
    SVT may go unnoticed when it is periodic, but when there are repetitive supraventricular premature electrical heart depolarization …read more

  • Rapid Heart Rate in Dogs

    Sinus Tachycardia in Dogs
     
    Sinus tachycardia (ST) is clinically described as a sinus rhythm (heartbeat) with impulses that arise at a faster-than-normal rate: greater than 160 beats per minute (bpm) in standard sized dogs, 140 bpm in giant breeds, 180 bpm in toy breeds, and 220 bpm in puppies. Changes in heart rate usually involve a reciprocal action of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
     
    Severe tachycardia can compromise cardiac output, as too rapid rates shorten the diastolic filling time, the point in which the chambers of the hear …read more

  • Red Eye (Episcleritis) in Dogs

    Episcleritis in Dogs
     
    Redness of the white part of the eye (episclera) is a medical condition referred to as episcleritis. This medical condition is typically benign and easy to treat with topical ointments or eye drops. The inflammation will appear as either a small nodule or a thickening of the sclera with no related discharge or excess tearing. Although the inflammation is typically contained to the specific area, it is possible for the inflammation to spread to other areas of the eye. The prognosis is generally positive with treatment, although there are some possible complications …read more

  • Red Eye in Dogs

    Inflammation of the Eye in Dogs
     
    Red eye causes the dog’s eye to become inflammed and, well, red. This inflammation may be due to various factors, including excess blood in the eyelids (hyperemia) or in the eye’s blood vessels (ocular vasculature). This occurs when vessels expand in response to extraocular or intraocular (outside of, and within the eye, respectively) inflammation, or a passive accumulation of blood.
     
    The condition described in this medical article can affect both dog and cats. If you would like to learn more about how red eye affects cats, please visit

  • Reduced Activity of the Stomach in Dogs

    Gastric Stasis in Dogs
     
    When the stomach is interrupted in its normal operation, a condition called stasis can result. Stasis is when the stomach slows its contractions, and may even stop working altogether. This leads to bloating and build-up of gas in the stomach, which can be an uncomfortable condition for an animal. Interruptions in the working of the stomach of a dog can be brought on by several conditions.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The main symptoms of stasis in dogs are:
     

    Pain in the stomach (abdomen)
    Bloating …read more

  • Regurgitation in Dogs

     
    Regurgitation refers to the process in which the dog’s stomach contents (i.e., food) move backwards up the esophageal track and into the mouth. This medical condition can be congenital (inherited) or acquired from a variety of causes. Fortunately, modifications to the animal’s diet, in conjunction with medication, will correct the condition.
     
    Regurgitation can occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this medical disorder affects cats, please visit this page in the …read more

  • Retained Afterbirth in Dogs

    Retained Placenta in Dogs
     
    A retained placenta, or retained afterbirth, occurs when the placenta (the sac surrounding an unborn puppy) is not passed out of the mother’s uterus along with the puppy.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Green discharge from vulva that continues
    Fever (in some cases)
    Systemic disease (in some cases)

     
    Causes
     
    The placenta is retained in the uterus rather than being expelled with or shortly after the birth of the puppy.
     
    Diagnosis
     
    History of a …read more

  • Retained Baby Teeth in Dogs

    Retained Deciduous Teeth in Dogs
     
    A retained or persistent deciduous (baby) tooth is one that is still present despite the eruption of the permanent tooth (between three to seven months of age). This can cause the permanent teeth to erupt in abnormal positions, resulting in an incorrect bite pattern (or how the upper and lower teeth fit together when biting or chewing). Retained deciduous teeth may also cause overcrowding of teeth, accidental bites into the palate, or an abnormal jaw position.
     
    As with most oral issues, early recognition and immediate dental care is essential t …read more

  • Retained Testicles Dogs

    Cryptorchidism in Dogs
     
    The testes normally descend into the scrotum while an animal is very young. For dogs, the descent to the final scrotal position is expected to be complete by the time the puppy is two months old. It may occur later in some breeds, but rarely after six months. In beagles, the testis is at the exterior inguinal ring by the fifth day, between the inguinal ring and scrotum by day 15, and in the scrotum by day 40. Cryptorchidism is a condition characterized by incomplete or nonexistent descent of the testes.
     
    When the descent of one, or both, of the testes do …read more

  • Ringworm in Dogs

    Dermatophytosis in Dogs   Dermatophytosis is the medical term for a parasitic fungal infection that affects the skin, hair, and/or nails (claws). The most commonly isolated fungal organisms are Microsporum canis (more commonly referred to as ringworm), Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum. This disease occurs in dogs, cats, and other mammals. It is diagnosed more commonly in young animals than in old.   The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this dis …read more

  • Running Away from Home and Marking Territory in Dogs

    Marking and Roaming Behavior
     
    Dogs communicate with each other in many ways. One of the ways they use is through smell, or scent. Each dog’s urine and feces has a unique scent. When dogs urinate or defecate in specific locations (territory marking), they are communicating with other dogs that may come along later. These scented leavings act as messages for other dogs that come along, telling them which dog has been in a specific area, and that this dog has claimed the area as its territory. Dogs first begin this territorial marking behavior as they become mature. For male dogs it takes …read more

  • Runny Nose in Dogs

    Nasal Discharge in Dogs
     
    The throat is the end of the two major air passages, which begin at the nostrils. Very fine scrolls of bone called turbinates fill the nasal passages. They have a covering of pink tissue (mucosa), much like the lining of the mouth. As the air passes through the turbinates in the nose, it is warmed and filtered on its way to the lungs. The nasal cavity is separated from the mouth by what we call the “roof” or the hard palate.
     
    The source of a nasal discharge is typically in the upper respiratory organs such as nasal cavities, sinuses, and the …read more

  • Salmon Poisoning Disease in Dogs

     
    Salmon poisoning disease (SPD) is an often fatal condition, occurring when a dog eats raw salmon that is infected with the Neorickettsia helminthoeca parasite. This disease typically begins in the tissues of the small intestine, where it causes hemorrhaging. It gradually becomes systemic, invading the entire body.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The signs and symptoms of SPD include the following:
     

    Fever
    Diarrhea
    Vomiting
    Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
    Discharge from the nose and eyes

  • Salmonella Infection in Dogs

    Salmonellosis in Dogs
     
    Salmonellosis is an infection found in dogs caused by the Salmonella bacteria. It often leads to disorders, including gastroenteritis, spontaneous abortions, and septicemia. This bacterial disease is also zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted to h …read more

  • Scaly Skin in Dogs

    Exfoliative Dermatoses in Dogs
     
    Exfoliative dermatoses refers to a group of skin disorders that can be traced to one or more underlying disorders, which share the common symptom of scaling skin, but may vary in severity and treatment methods. Therefore, exfoliative dermatoses is not the primary diagnosis, but the main descriptor. It is typically due to excessive or abnormal shedding, excessive accumulation of skin cells, or a loss of the cells’ ability to adhere to each other.
     
    This condition can affect dogs of any breed or age, but there are some breeds that are reported to be …read more

  • Seizures (Epileptic) in Dogs

    Epilepsy, Idiopathic or Genetic, in Dogs
     
    Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes the dog to have sudden, uncontrolled, recurring physical attacks, with or without loss of consciousness. This may sometimes occur for unknown reasons (idiopathic) or due to genetic abnormalities. However, idiopathic epilepsy is often characterized by structural brain lesions and is more likely seen in male dogs. If left untreated, the seizures may become more severe and frequent.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Seizures are usually preceded by a short aura (or focal onset). When this occurs the dog …read more

  • Seizures and Convulsions in Dogs

    Status Epilepticus in Dogs
     
    Status epilepticus, or epilepsy, is a neurological condition that results in recurrent seizures in dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    There are several different types of seizures or epilepsy that can affect dogs.
     

    Epilepsy is used to describe recurrent or reoccurring seizures that originate from the brain
    Idiopathic epilepsy describes a form of epilepsy that does not result in brain lesions or damage to the brain
    Symptomatic epilepsy is used to describe primary epileps …read more

  • Separation Anxiety in Dogs

     
    Separation anxiety in dogs commonly results in destructive or otherwise inappropriate behavior when an owner leaves the pet or is not in close proximity to it. Behaviors that may be seen include vocalization, destroying objects, digging, or even depression. However, these behaviors may also be due to other conditions or environmental cues. Therefore, it is important for the behaviorist or veterinarian to obtain the dog’s history before attributing separation anxiety as the primary or sole cause of the behavior.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Separation anxiety causes some pets to …read more

  • Separation of the Inner Lining of the Eye in Dogs

    Retinal Detachment in Dogs
     
    The retina is the innermost lining of the eyeball. Retinal detachment refers to its separation from the back of the eyeball. This can be caused by a variety of genetic and non-genetic factors, and in some cases is a result of a more serious underlying medical condition. There are some forms of treatment, although retinal detachment may lead to permanent blindness.
     
    The condition described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how retinal detachment affects cats, please visit

  • Severely Abnormal Heart Rhythm in Dogs

    Ventricular Fibrillation in Dogs
     
    Ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) is a condition in which ventricle muscles in the heart begin to contract in a disorganized fashion, making them quiver. Due to this uncoordinated contraction, blood circulation may cease within minutes, which may be fatal. Although it can affect dogs at any age, it seems to affect those that are older.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Systemic illnesses associated with cardiac disease
    Previous history of heart beat rhythm problems (cardiac arrhythmia)
    Collapse
    …read more

  • Sexual Development Disorders in Dogs

    Reproductive Genetic Abnormalities in Dogs
     
    Sexual development disorders in dogs occur due to errors in the genetic coding, which involve the chromosomes responsible for development of the sex organs – including the gonads (the male and female reproductive organs) – or when errors in gene development result in abnormal sexual differentiation, making it difficult to distinguish between male and female animals. Sexual disorders tend to be breed specific.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    This condition is usually caused by disorders affecting the chromosomes that determine the traits …read more

  • Sexually Transmitted Tumors in Dogs

    Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Dogs
     
    A transmissible venereal tumor, or TVT, is a naturally occurring tumor that is sexually transmitted from one dog to another. A high number of cases tend to be seen in large cities and temperate areas. TVT is usually seen in young, intact (non-neutered) dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    You may observe a red, tumorous mass bulging out of the surface membrane of the vagina, or on the penis. The tissue mass may break off upon manipulation. Blood drops may also be observed dripping from the vagina or penile foreskin. The dog will usually lick …read more

  • Shaker Syndrome in Dogs

    Generalized Tremor Syndrome in Dogs
     
    Shaker syndrome is a disorder which causes a dog’s entire body to shake. It is also known as idiopathic cerebellitis, which describes inflammation of the cerebellum (the part of the brain that is responsible for the coordination and regulation of voluntary muscular movement) for unknown reasons.
     
    While dogs of any coat color can be affected, those with a white hair coat are over-represented in the medical literature. For example, Maltese and West Highland white terriers appear to be predisposed. In addition, both genders are affected by shak …read more

  • Shock Due to Bacterial Infection in Dogs

    Septic Shock in Dogs
     
    Shock associated with generalized bacterial infection of the body is medically referred to as sepsis, a physical condition known as septic shock. It develops as a complication of an overwhelming generalized systemic infection. Septic shock is associated with low blood flow (hypoperfusion) or low blood pressure (hypotension), which may or may not respond to fluids or medical treatment given to maintain arterial blood pressure. Dogs that are very young or very old are at increased risk due to their undeveloped or lowered immune responses, respectively.
     
    Symp …read more

  • Shock Due to Decrease in Circulation in Dogs

    Hypovolemic Shock in Dogs
     
    A dog can go into shock for a variety of reasons, but when their blood volume or fluid levels drastically drop, shock can onset rapidly. Hypovolemic shock affects the renal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and the respiratory systems of a dog. Prolonged levels of shock can also severely damage the cardiac system. It is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.
     
    Symptoms
     

    Severe weakness
    Cool feet
    Poor pulse; a pulse that is difficult to read
    Very low blood pressure< ...read more

  • Shock Due to Heart Failure in Dogs

    Cardiogenic Shock
     
    Cardiac dysfunction may be caused by an enlarged or dilated heart muscle, compression of the lining of the heart, outflow obstructions, blood clot, severe heart disease, heartworm disease, or severe arrhythmias.Cardiac pump failure may also be secondary to a systemic disease which causes the myocardial layer (middle layer of the heart) to dysfunction, such as from blood poisoning. The result is low blood pressure and compromised blood flow in the tissues, with reduced tissue oxygen delivery. Cardiogenic shock results from profound impairment of cardiac function, lead …read more

  • Shoulder Joint Ligament and Tendon Conditions in Dogs

    Bicipital Tenosynovitis, Brachii Muscle Rupture, and Supraspinatus Avulsion in Dogs
     
    The shoulder joint is a “ball-and-socket” joint. In four legged animals it is made up of the scapula/shoulder blade bones, and the humerus/upper bone of the front leg. These bones are supported by ligaments and tendons. A ligament is a band of connective or fibrous tissue that connects two bones or cartilage at a joint, and a tendon is a band of connective or fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone.
     
    Shoulder-joint ligament and tendon conditions make up the majority of cause …read more

  • Side Effects of Anxiety Medications in Dogs

    Serotonin Syndrome
     
    Dogs suffering from compulsive behaviors, separation anxiety, chronic pain and other conditions may benefit from medications that affect the level of serotonin in the body. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that works in the brain, and is found in the nervous system. It regulates behavior, awareness of pain, appetite, movement, body temperature, and function of the heart and lungs.
     
    If a dog is taking more than one type of medication that causes levels of serotonin to increase in the body, a condition known as serotonin syndrome (SS) can result, an …read more

  • Sjögren-like Syndrome in Dogs

     
    Sjögren-like syndrome is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease seen in adult dogs. Similar to the eponymous human illness, this syndrome is typically characterized by dry eyes, dry mouth, and glandular inflammation due to the infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells (white blood cells which produce antibodies). It is also associated with other autoimmune or immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and pemphigus.
     
    The underlying cause of Sjögren-like syndrome is currently unknown.  However, autoantibodies which attack the glandular tissues are t …read more

  • Skin and Toe Cancer (Melanocytic) in Dogs

    Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin and Digits in Dogs
     
    Melanocytic tumors are benign or cancerous growths, arising from melanocytes (pigment-producing skin cells) and melanoblasts (melanin-producing cells that develop or mature into melanocytes). These tumors do not seem to have a genetic basis; however, males, especially Scottish Terriers, Boston Terriers, Airedale Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Boxers, English Springer Spaniels, Irish Setters, Irish Terriers, Chow Chows, Chihuahuas, Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers, seem to have a predilection to the condition. Dogs 10 years or older are a …read more

  • Skin Blisters (Vesiculopustular Dermatoses) in Dogs

    Vesiculopustular Dermatoses in Dogs
     
    A vesicle, or blister, is a small, defined elevation of the outer layer of the skin (known as the epidermis). It is filled with serum, the clear watery fluid that separates from the blood.  A pustule is also a small, defined elevation of the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), but is filled with pus — a mixture of serum, white blood cells, cellular debris and dead tissue.
     
    Vesiculo refers to vesicles; this prefixed form is attached to the diseased condition that is concurrent with the cause of the blister. Pustular refers to an organi …read more

  • Skin Blisters and Pustules in Dogs

    Bullous Pemphigoid in Dogs
     
    Bullous pemphigoid is an uncommon skin condition that affects dogs, and is characterized by the appearance of fluid or pus filled blisters, and severe open sores on the skin and/or mucus-lined tissue of the mouth. Bullous pemphigoid requires initial aggressive treatment, and may be fatal if left untreated.
     
    Some breeds, such as collies, Shetland sheepdogs, and

  • Skin Bumps (Granulomatous Dermatoses) in Dogs

    Sterile Nodular/Granulomatous Dermatoses in Dogs
     
    Sterile nodular/granulomatous dermatoses are diseases in which the primary lesions are nodules, or masses of tissue that are solid, elevated, and greater than one centimeter in diameter.
     
    The nodules are usually the result of an infiltration of inflammatory cells into the skin.  This may be a reaction to interal or external stimuli. 
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Nodular dermatofibrosis in German shepherds, 3–5 yea …read more

  • Skin Bumps (Papulonodular Dermatoses) in Dogs

    Papulonodular Dermatoses in Dogs
     
    Papulonodular dermatoses are skin diseases that are characterized by papules and nodules on the skin. These are bumps that are found on the surface of the skin, and which have a solid appearance without liquid or pus within (nonsupperative).
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Papules are the result of tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells. While nodules, which are larger than papules, are the result of a massive infiltration of inflammatory or cancerous cells into the layers of the skin.
     
    Causes
     

    Superficial and dee …read more

  • Skin Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Sweat Gland, Sebaceous Adenocarcinoma in Dogs
     
    Adenocarcinoma is a glandular skin cancer that occurs when a malignant growth develops from sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Skin cancer appears as solid, firm or raised areas (lesions) on the skin. The lesions can bleed (ulcerate) and the area may swell or become red. While these tumors are most common on the face, they can occur anywhere the animal has sweat glands. Treatment options are generally effective when started early and in many cases leads to a positive outcome.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical arti …read more

  • Skin Cancer (Basal Cell Tumor) in Dogs

    Basal Cell Tumor in Dogs
     
    Basal cell tumor is the one of the most common skin cancers in animals. In fact, it accounts for 3 to 12 percent of all skin tumors in dogs. Originating in the skin’s basal epithelium — one of the deepest skin layers — basal cell tumors tend to occur in older dogs, especially Cocker Spaniels and Poodles.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    As with other tumors, basal cell tumors can either be benign ( …read more

  • Skin Cancer (Epidermotropic Lymphoma) in Dogs

    Epidermotropic Lymphoma in Dogs
     
    Epidermotropic lymphoma is an uncommon malignant form of skin cancer in dogs, originating from the lymphocyte cells of the immune system. A type of white blood cell, lymphocytes play an integral role in the body’s defenses. Epidermotropic lymphoma is considered a subset of cutaneous (skin) T-cell lymphoma.
     
    Dogs of all ages and breeds are susceptible to this cancer, though it usually affects older animals.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Itching
    Loss of hair (

  • Skin Cancer (Hemangiosarcoma) in Dogs

    Hemangiosarcoma of the Skin in Dogs
     
    A hemangiosarcoma of the skin is a malignant tumor which arises from the endothelial cells. The endothelial cells make up the layer of cells collectively referred to as the endothelium, which lines the inner surface of blood vessels, including, but not limited to, the veins, arteries, and intestines. These cells line the entire circulatory system, and are responsible for the smooth flow of blood within the lumen (interior space) of all of the body’s inner structures and tubular spaces.
     
    Because this type of sarcoma grows from the blood cells …read more

  • Skin Cancer (Mucocutaneous Plasmacytoma) in Dogs

    Mucocutaneous Plasmacytoma
     
    A mucocutaneous plasmacytoma is a rapidly developing skin tumor of plasma cells origin. A form of white blood cell, plasma cells produce antibodies, which help the immune system identify and neutralize foreign organisms. Often, mucocutaneous plasmacytomas are found on the dog’s trunk and legs. They are also most common in mixed-breed dogs and cocker spaniels.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    In addition to being found on the trunk and legs, mucocutaneous plasmacytomas may develop on the mouth, feet, and ears (lip tumors are particularly small and often o …read more

  • Skin Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

    Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs
     
    The epidermis, or skin, consists of several layers. The outer layer is made up of scale like cells called the squamous epithelium. This layer of tissue covers the surface of much of the body, and lines the cavities of the body. A squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous epithelium. It may appear to be a white skin mass, or a raised bump on the skin. Often the raised mass will necrotize in the center and ulcerate, with occasional bleeding.
     
    As carcinomas are characteristically malignant and particularl …read more

  • Skin Disease (Canine Seborrhea) in Dogs

    Canine Seborrhea
     
    Seborrhea is a skin condition in dogs that causes flaky skin (dandruff) and greasiness of the skin and hair. This disorder is very common and can lead to a secondary infection of the skin. Often, dogs will smell bad due to the buildup of oil on the skin and hair.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    There are two common forms of seborrhea: oily (oleosa) and dry (sicca). The majority of animals will have a combination of both oily and dry seborrhea.
     
    Seborrhea causes the skin to exude a waxy, greasy substance that clumps up in the ears, under the belly and armp …read more

  • Skin Disease (Dermatophilosis) in Dogs

    Dermatophilosis in Dogs
     
    Dermatophilosis is a skin disease that is irrespective of the age or gender of the animal, although the symptoms may vary. It is most often contracted from farm animals such as cows, sheep, or horses, and is prevelant in warm or humid climates. Dogs with wet skin or skin that is wounded from parasitic bites, such as from fleas or ticks, increases the chances of contracting the skin disease.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, pleas …read more

  • Skin Disease Caused by Licking in Dogs

    Acral Lick Dermatitis in Dogs
     
    Acral lick dermatitis is a firm, raised, ulcerative, or thickened plaque usually located on the back side of the wrist, on the ankle, or between the toes. This disease primarily affects dogs, and most commonly large breeds, especially Doberman Pinschers, Labrador Retrievers, Great Danes, Irish and English Setters,

  • Skin Disease Due to Food Allergies in Dogs

    Dermatologic Food Reactions in Dogs
     
    Dermatologic food reactions are non-seasonal reactions which occur following ingestion of one or more allergy causing substances in an animal’s food. The physical reaction is frequently excessive itchiness, with resultant excessive scratching at the skin.
     
    While the pathogenesis of these reactions is not fully understood, immediate reactions and delayed reactions to food are thought to be due to a hypersensitive immune response.  On the other hand, food intolerance is a non-immunologic idiosyncratic reaction due to the metabolic, …read more

  • Skin Disease, Autoimmune (Pemphigus) in Dogs

    Pemphigus in Dogs
     
    Pemphigus is the general designation for a group of autoimmune skin diseases involving ulceration and crusting of the skin, as well as the formation of fluid-filled sacs and cysts (vesicles), and pus filled lesions (pustules). Some types of pemphigus can also affect the skin tissue of the gums. An autoimmune disease is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies that are produced by the system, but which act against the body’s healthy cells and tissues — just as white blood cells act against infection. In effect, the body is attacking itself. The severity of the …read more

  • Skin Diseases from Allergies in Dogs

    Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in Dogs
     
    In dogs, the eosinophilic granuloma complex is a sometimes confusing term for three distinct syndromes that cause inflammation and irritation of the skin:
     

    Eosinophilic plaque – circumscribed, raised, round to oval lesions that frequently are ulcerated. They are usually located on the abdomen or thighs. These lesions contain a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil.
    Eosinophilic granuloma – a mass or nodular lesion containing eosinophils usually found on the back of the thighs, on the face, or in t …read more

  • Skin Infections and Loss of Skin Color Disorders in Dogs

    Dermatoses, Depigmenting Disorders
     
    Skin dermatoses is a general medical term that applies to several types of bacterial infections or genetic diseases of the skin. Some dermatoses are cosmetic conditions involving loss of pigmentation of the skin and/or hair coat, but are otherwise no harmful.
     
    For instance, German Shepherds tend to bacterial skin infections involving areas of the lips, eyelids, and nostrils. German Shepherds, Collies, and Shetland sheepdogs are predisposed to lupus, an autoimmune disease in which the body attacks its own skin and other organs, and discoid lup …read more

  • Skin Inflammation Due to Allergies (Atopy) in Dogs

    Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs
     
    Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, chronic skin disease associated with allergies. In fact, this is the second most common allergic skin disease in dogs. These allergic reactions can be brought on by normally harmless substances like grass, mold spores, house dust mites, and other environmental allergens.
     
    Dogs normally show signs of the disease between 3 months and 6 years of age, though atopic dermatitis can be so mild the first year that it does not become clinically apparent before the third year.
     
    Despite the fact dogs are more prone t …read more

  • Skin Inflammation on the Paws in Dogs

    Pododermatitis in Dogs
     
    Pododermatitis is a medical term for skin inflammation, particularly inflammation in the feet or paws. With treatment, prognosis is positive. The disease is more common in dogs than it is in cats. However, if you would like to learn how it affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
     
    Symptoms 
     
    The following symptoms are commonly seen:
     

    Lameness
    Reddened/swollen paws
    Painful …read more

  • Skin Mite Dermatitis in Dogs

    Cheyletiellosis in Dogs   The Cheyletiella mite is a highly contagious, zoonotic skin parasite that feeds on the the keratin layer of the skin — the outer layer — and on tissue fluid of the top layer. An infestation of the Cheyletiella mite is medically referred to as cheyletiellosis. This parasitic skin condition is similar to a flea infestation, and is treated with the same products, and with the same environmental methods used for exterminating fleas. Prevalence varies by geographic region largely because common flea-control insecticides control it. The

  • Skin Rash Due to Contact with Irritants in Dogs

    Contact Dermatitis in Dogs
     
    Contact dermatitis may be caused by an allergy, or it may simply mean that your pet has touched something that has irritated its skin, such as the sap in poison ivy, or salt on a road. It is difficult to distinguish one from the other because the symptoms usually appear the same. Allergic reactions require a previous, sensitizing experience with the irritant. The next contact with the irritant is when symptoms occur. Both dogs and cats can suffer from allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. It can occur at any age, and is a direct result …read more

  • Skin Reactions to Drugs in Dogs

    Cutaneous Drug Eruptions in Dogs
     
    Cutaneous drug eruptions cover a spectrum of diseases and clinical signs. They can vary markedly in clinical appearance and pathophysiology – the functional change that accompanies the disease. It is likely that many mild drug reactions go unnoticed or unreported; thus, incidence rates for specific drugs are unknown and most of the facts available on drug-specific reactions have been extrapolated from reports in the human literature.
     
    Some types of drug reactions appear to have a familial basis.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    …read more

  • Skin Tumor (Histiocytoma) in Dogs

    Histiocytoma in Dogs
     
    A histiocytoma is a benign skin tumor that originates in the Langerhans cells, immune cells that function to provide protective immunity to the tissues that are in contact with the outer environment — the nose, stomach, intestines and lungs, but mainly the skin’s surface. These cells are also referred to as dendritic cells, and histiocytes.
     
    Histiocytomas are common in dogs, with some breeds appearing to be more predisposed that others. These breeds include flat-coated retrievers, bull terriers, boxers, dachshunds, cocker spaniels, Great Danes, and Shetla …read more

  • Skin Ulcers and Depigmentation (Immune-Related) in Dogs

    Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in Dogs
     
    Cutaneous (dicoid) lupus erythematosus is one of the most common immune-mediated skin diseases in dogs. Like other immune-mediated diseases, it is brought on by the abnormal activity of the immune system, whereby it attacks its own body.
     
    Cutaneous lupus erythematosus affects dogs of all ages, with a predisposition in the following breeds: Collies, German shepherds, Siberian huskies, Shetland sheepdogs, Alaskan malamutes, chow chows, and their crosses. It is considered a benign variant of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), which is also a …read more

  • Skin Ulcers in Dogs

    Dermatoses, Erosive or Ulcerative in Dogs
     
    Erosions are shallow defects in the skin that only affect the skin’s upper layers. They can be quite painful, but tend to heal quickly if the skin is protected and the underlying cause is eliminated. With ulcers, the surface layers of the skin are compromised completely, since the defects go deeper into the skin. Ulcers require careful wound care to prevent infection, and tend to heal slowly. Erosive, or ulcerative, dermatoses (diseases of the skin) are from a group of dissimilar skin disorders characterized by the presence of erosions or ulce …read more

  • Skull and Spinal Cord Abnormalities in Dogs

    Syringmyelia and Chiari Malformationin Dogs
     
    Chiari-like malformation is a disease in which one of the hollow spaces in the skull remains narrow or small and fails to grow in size. This causes the parts of the brain surrounding this area to be displaced into the opening at the base of skull through which spinal cord passes. Due to a protrusion of brain parts into this opening, the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is obstructed.
     
    One of the consequences of this obstruction is a disorder called syringomyelia, the development of fluid-filled cavities, or cysts, within the …read more

  • Slipped Disc, Bad Back, and Muscle Spasms in Dogs

    Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs
     
    Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a condition where the cushioning discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column either bulge or burst (herniate) into the spinal cord space. These discs then press on the nerves running through the spinal cord causing pain, nerve damage, and even paralysis.
     
    Breeds of dog that are predisposed to IVDD include the Dachshund, Beagle, Basset Hound, and Shih Tzu.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Made up of a gelatinous substance surrounded by a thick outer layer, intervertebral discs are basicall …read more

  • Small Sized Testes in Dogs

    Testicular Degeneration and Hypoplasia in Dogs
     
    Smaller than normal testes are generally easy to spot. There are different conditions that can lead to this disorder: underdevelopment or incomplete development of the testes is known as hypoplasia, an inability to grow and/or mature appropriately; and degeneration of the testes, which refers to the loss of potency after the stage of puberty has arrived.
     
    Both of these conditions can be due to a condition that was present at birth — congenital — or can be due to some other cause that takes place after birth. The congenital forms …read more

  • Smoke Inhalation in Dogs

    Lung Damage Due to Smoke Inhalation in Dogs
     
    In smoke inhalation, injury occurs as a result of direct heat damage to the upper airway and lining of the nose. Injury to the tissue is seen after inhalation of carbon monoxide, which decreases tissue oxygen delivery by binding to red blood cells; inhalation of other toxins that directly irritate the airway (e.g., oxidants and aldehydes); and inhalation of particulate matter that adheres to the airways and small air sacs in the lungs.
     
    The extent of damage depends on the degree and duration of exposure to smoke and the material that …read more

  • Sneezing, Reverse Sneezing (gasping in for air), and Gagging in Dogs

     
    Sneezing refers to the normal behavior of expelling air to remove matter through the nasal cavity. Reverse sneezing, on the other hand, refers to the reflex of bringing air into the body to remove irritants in the upper area that lies behind the nose. Dogs may gag to remove irritants from the larynx; this is commonly misinterpreted as vomiting.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Sneezing is often accompanied by a sudden movement of the head downwards, with a closed mouth, and may cause the dog’s nose to hit the ground. Reverse sneezing is often characterized by a backwards head motio …read more

  • Sodium Deficiency in Dogs

    Hyponatremia in Dogs
     
    Hyponatremia is the clinical term given to a condition in which a dog is suffering from low concentrations of serum sodium in the blood. As a component of the extracellular fluid (fluids outside of the cells), sodium is the most abundant positive charged atom in the body. For this reason, a condition of hyponatremia usually reflects a concurrent condition of hyposmolality, an underconcentration of osmotic solution in the blood serum; that is, a lack in the ability of body fluids to pass through the cellular membranes (osmosis), by which the body’s chemical concent …read more

  • Soft Tissue Cancer (Rhabdomyosarcoma) in Dogs

    Rhabdomyosarcoma in Dogs
     
    Rhabdomyosarcomas are malignant, aggressive, easily metastasizing (spreading) tumors. They arise from striated muscles (banded – not smooth, muscles of the skeletal and cardiac musculature) in adults, and from embryonic stem cells in juveniles. These tumors are often found in the larynx (voice box), the tongue, and in the heart. Aggressive and widespread metastasizing can occur in the lungs, the liver, the spleen, the kidneys, and the adrenal glands.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would …read more

  • Spasm of the Rear Legs in Dogs

    Dancing Doberman Disease 
     
    This neurological syndrome is characterized by the bending of one rear limb when standing, progressing over months to include the opposite pelvic limb. The affected dog bends and extends the limbs alternatively, as in a dancing motion. A combined reaction to sensory stimulus and automatic neurological impulses is suspected in the behavior. It occurs in Doberman pinschers, with an age of onset from six months to seven years. It occurs in both males and females.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The main symptom of this disorder is presented by the aff …read more

  • Sperm Abnormalities in Dogs

    Teratozoospermia in Dogs
     
    Teratozoospermia is a morphological (referring to form and structure) reproductive disorder characterized by the presence of spermatozoal abnormalities. That is, 40 percent or more of the sperm are abnormally shaped. The sperm may have short or curled tails, double heads, or head that are too large, too small, or badly shaped.
     
    The effect of specific abnormalities on fertility is largely unknown, but optimal fertility is expected in dogs that have at least 80 percent morphologically normal spermatozoa. Therefore, it is known that it is nearly impossibl …read more

  • Sperm Ducts Cysts in Dogs

    Spermatocele and Sperm Granuloma in Dogs
     
    A spermatocele is a cyst in the ducts or epididymis that conduct sperm, and is usually associated with a blockage. Meanwhile, sperm granuloma (or cyst epididymis) is a chronic inflammatory condition in which a cyst has grown in the epididymis, part of the spermatic duct system, resulting in swelling of the duct or ducts. When sperm escape from these ducts into the surrounding tissue, chronic inflammation occurs. This becomes clinically important when bilateral (both sides) obstruction of the duct system leads to no live sperm in the seminal flu …read more

  • Spinal and Vertebral Birth Defects in Dogs

    Congenital Spinal and Vertebral Malformations in Dogs
     
    Dogs most often genetically inherit congenital spinal and vertebral malformations (as opposed to adverse conditions during fetal development). Specifically, sacrococcygeal dysgenesis (defective development) is a dominant trait, while thoracic hemivertebra (chest half-vertebra) of German shorthaired pointers is a recessive trait.
     
    Spinal malformations are usually evident at birth or in the first few weeks of life. On the other hand, vertebral malformations can be latent until the dog undergoes a growth spurt around five to n …read more

  • Spinal Column Malformation in Dogs

    Atlantoaxial Instability in Dogs
     
    Atlantoaxial instability results from a malformation in the first two vertebrae in the neck of an animal. This causes the spinal cord to compress and results in pain or even debilitation for the pet. The disorder is uncommon in older dogs and larger breeds of dogs. It is generally found in smaller, toy breeds. To ensure the best possible chance for a full recovery, it is important to treat the animal once an occurrence or sign of distress is observed.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If …read more

  • Spinal Cord Degeneration in Rottweilers

    Leukoencephalomyelopathy in Rottweilers
     
    Leukoencephalomyelopathy is a progressive, degenerative, and demyelinating disease which primarily affects the cervical spinal cord of Rottweilers. A type of material that form a layer (mylein sheath) around the spinal cord and brain nerve cells, myelin is vital for electrical impulses and resistances in the region.
     
    This disease affects Rottweilers of either sex; typical onset in adults begin between the ages of 1 ½ and 3 years.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The following symptoms are subtle and are generally seen without …read more

  • Spinal Cord Development Disorders in Dogs

    Spinal Dysraphism in Dogs
     
    “Spinal Dysraphism” is a broad term encompassing developmental disorders of spinal cord leading to various structural defects. It may be progressive or non-progressive in nature. Spinal Dysraphism has been reported in English bulldogs, Samoyeds, Dalmatians, English setters, golden retrievers, rottweilers and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Limb weakness
    Imbalance
    Neck or head pain
    Uncoordinated walk
    Postural abnormalities

     
    C …read more

  • Spinal Cord Disease in Dogs

    Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs
     
    Degenerative myelopathy is the general medical term that refers to the disease of the dog’s spinal cord or bone marrow. The condition does not have specific cause and may remain unidentified. While the disease can affect any breed and any age of dog, older animals are most often afflicted with the disease. Prognosis of this disease is not positive, as it is the degeneration of the animal’s spinal cord, leading to loss of numerous bodily functions.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    This disease affects the central nervous system of the dog and can pro …read more

  • Spinal Cord Disorder Caused by Blocked Blood Vessel in Dogs

    Fibrocartilaginous Embolic Myelopathy in Dogs
     
    Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in dogs is a condition in which an area of the spinal cord is not able to function properly and eventually atrophies as a result of a blockage, or emboli, in the blood vessels of the spinal cord. The cause of this disorder is typically the result of an injury to the spine. The injury may be the result of jumping and landing in the wrong way, vigorous exercise, fighting, or any accident that leads to a spinal injury.
     
    The highest number of cases tends to occur in giant and large breed dogs. Mini …read more

  • Spine Degeneration in Dogs

    Spondylosis Deformans in Dogs
     
    Spondylosis deformans is a degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the spinal column characterized by the production of bone spurs along the bottom, sides, and upper aspects of the vertebrae of the spine. These bone spurs are simply projected growths of bone, usually grown in response to aging, or injury.
     
    In dogs, spondylosis deformans occurs most often along the spine, in the area behind the chest, and on the upper section of the vertebrae of the lower back. Older, large-breed dogs are at highest risk for developing spondylosis deformans. In …read more

  • Stained, Discolored Teeth in Dogs

    Stained Tooth and Teeth in Dogs
     
    Teeth discoloration is any variation from normal tooth color. However, the normal color of teeth varies, dependent on the shade, thickness, and translucency of the enamel covering the tooth.
     
    Any variation from normal tooth color is discoloration. The normal color of teeth varies, dependent on the shade, thickness and translucency of the enamel covering the tooth. Extrinsic discoloration occurs when exogenous pigment accumulates on the surface of teeth. That is, the cause of the discoloration is from an external source, rather than from a physic …read more

  • Stalled Labor and Delivery Problems in Dogs

    Uterine Inertia in Dogs
     
    Uterine inertia is a condition in which the pregnant female dog is unable to birth her fetuses due to uterine muscle’s inability to contract and expel the puppies from the uterus.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The main symptom is the inability to initiate the process of birthing (parturition) at the end of the normal gestation period. Often the patient is bright and alert and does not appear to be in distress. In some cases, the bitch may deliver one or two fetuses normally, after which labor ceases, even though there are still more fetuses in the uterus …read more

  • Staph Infection in Dogs

    Staphylococcal Infections in Dogs
     
    The Staphylococcus bacteria can live free in the environment, on the skin of a host as a parasite, and in the upper respiratory tract of animals. The bacteria can be transmitted easily from animal to animal and in some cases from animal to human. This infection can be found in any breed of dog, and at any age.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Fever
    Pain
    Loss of appetite (anorexia)

  • Stem Cell Disorders Due to Abnormal Development and Maturation in Dogs

    Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Dogs
     
    Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders affecting the dog’s hematopoietic stem cells, which forms all the types of blood cells in the body (i.e., red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). These disorders are characterized by the abnormal development and maturation of hematopoietic stem cells, and may be primary (congenital) or secondary (due to cancer, drugs exposure, and/or infections).
     
    Myelodysplastic syndromes more common in

  • Steroid-Related Liver Disease in Dogs

    Vacuolar Hepatopathy in Dogs
     
    Vacuolar hepatopathy occurs when liver cells (hepatocytes) undergo reversible vacuolar changes due to glycogen accumulation. The storage form of glucose, glycogen accumulates in liver cells because of steroid medication overuse, an overproduction of steroids in the body, or due to an endocrine disorder (e.g., hyperadrenocorticism, atypical adrenal hyperplasia).
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Symptoms are ultimately based on the underlying cause of the hepatopathy; some of the more common signs include:
     

    Panting
    Let …read more

  • Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis in Dogs

    Inflammation of the Meninges and Arteries Resolved with Steroids in Dogs
     
    Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis describes the combined conditions of inflammation of the protective membranes covering the spinal cord and brain (meninges), and inflammation of the walls of the arteries. It causes changes in the blood vessels of the heart, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal system.
     
    Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis occurs worldwide and it is thought dogs may be genetically predisposed to the disease. However, any dog breed may be affected. Moreover, it occurs mainly in d …read more

  • Stomach and Intestinal Cancer (Leiomyosarcoma) in Dogs

    Leiomyosarcoma of Stomach, Small and Large intestine in Dogs
     
    Leiomyosarcoma is an uncommon cancerous tumor, which, in this case, arises from the smooth muscles of the stomach and intestines. It is an extremely dangerous and painful disease that affects mostly older dogs (more than six years old), though all breeds are equally predisposed to leimyosarcoma. Moreover, the cancer has a tendency to metastasize to other sites in the gastrointestinal tract and other body organs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Most symptoms are related to gastrointestinal tract, including:
     
    …read more

  • Stomach and Intestinal Inflammation in Dogs

    Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis in Dogs
     
    Eosinophilic gastroenteritis in dogs is an inflammatory condition of the stomach and intestines. The name of the disease is derived from the fact that lining of the stomach and intestines is infiltrated with a specific type of white blood cell known as an eosinophil.
     
    Eosinophilic gastroenteritis can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the petMD …read more

  • Stomach and Intestinal Ulcers in Dogs

    Gastroduodenal Ulcer in Dogs
     
    Gastroduodenal ulcer disease refers to ulcers found in the dog’s stomach and/or the first section of the small intestine, also known as the duodenum.
     
    These uclers often develop because the mucosal lining of the stomach or intestinal lumen (which comes in direct contact with food and is responsible for nutrient absorption) is exposed. There are various factors that may alter these protective mechanisms.
     
    Although the formation of these ulcers are less common in cats, they do occur. If you would like to learn more about how the disease affec …read more

  • Stomach Disorder (Loss of Motility) in Dogs

    Gastric Motility Disorders in Dogs
     
    The spontaneous peristaltic (involuntary, wavelike) movements of the stomach muscles are essential for proper digestion, moving food through the stomach and out into the duodenum — the first portion of the small intestine.
     
    Excessive gastric motility, with muscular contractions occurring too frequently, causes pain, whereas below normal motility causes delayed gastric emptying, abnormal gastric retention, gastric distention/bloating, and other related signs. Symptoms may occur at any age but it is less common in young dogs than in aging dogs …read more

  • Stomach Flu with Bloody Diarrhea in Dogs

    Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE) in Dogs
     
    Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is identified by blood in the vomit and/or stool, often due to a food borne illness. Because it is a serious disorder than can be potentially fatal, immediate veterinary care is required.
     
    Symptoms
     
    Continuous vomiting and/or diarrhea are the most common symptoms. Other symptoms include:
     

    Lethargy
    …read more

  • Stomach Infection with Helicobacter in Dogs

    Helicobacter Infection in Dogs
     
    Under normal conditions, the Helicobacter bacteria are benign inhabitants of the intestinal tract, being found in several species, including domestic animals such as dogs, cats, ferrets and pigs, in wild animals such as cheetah’s and monkeys, and in humans. While gastric infection due to Helicobacter pylori is a major health problem in humans – it has been associated with gastritis, gastric tumor, and peptic ulcer in affected people – the significance of the Helicobacter bacterium in dogs and any correlation to gastric dysfunctions i …read more

  • Stomach Inflammation (Atrophic) in Dogs

    Atrophic Gastritis In Dogs
     
    Atrophic gastritis is a type of chronic (long-term) inflammation of the stomach lining. This condition is specifically identified via microscopic examination of tissues, revealing either a localized or diffuse reduction in the size and depth of the patient’s gastric glands. The gastric glands are the glands lining the stomach wall, secreting the gastric juices that aid in digestion.
     
    While the condition remains rare and sporadic in most dog breeds, the Norwegian Lundehund dog breed has shown a high prevalence of atrophic gastritis.
     
    Sym …read more

  • Stretchy, Saggy, Painful Skin in Dogs

    Cutaneous Asthenia in Dogs
     
    Cutaneous asthenia (literally, weak skin) is part of a group of hereditary disorders characterized by skin that is unusually stretchy and droopy. It is caused by a genetic mutation that is passed from parent to offspring. More than one genetic disorder is suspected, but this condition cannot be determined by skin and tissue samples, it is diagnosed through observation.
     
    This condition is also known as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a disease characterized by deficient levels of collagen, the protein molecule necessary for providing strength and elasticity t …read more

  • Stupor and Coma in Dogs

    Marginal Consciousness and Complete Unconsciousness in Dogs
     
    When an animal is unconscious but can be aroused with very strong external stimulus, the term stupor is used to describe the condition. Whereas a patient that is in a coma will remain unconscious even if the same level of external stimulus is applied. Dogs of any age, breed, or gender are susceptible to stupor.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The symptoms can be highly variable, depending on the primary disease that has led to the loss of consciousness.
     
    The major symptom is varying levels of unconsciousness, wi …read more

  • Swallowing Difficulties in Dogs

    Dysphagia in Dogs
     
    Dysphagia, the medical term given to difficulty swallowing, can occur anatomically as oral dysphagia (in the mouth), pharyngeal dysphagia (in the pharynx itself), or cricopharyngeal dysphagia (at the far end of the pharynx entering the esophagus).
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Oral dysphagia can be caused by paralysis of the jaw, tongue paralysis, dental disease, swelling or wasting away of the chewing muscles, or by an inability to open the mouth. Animals with oral dysphagia often eat in an altered way, such as tilting the head to one side or throwing the hea …read more

  • Swelling in Dogs

    Peripheral Edema in Dogs
     
    Edema is characterized by swelling due to an excessive accumulation of tissue fluid within the interstitium, which is a small space, or gap, in the substance of the body’s tissues or organs. This can be localized (focal) or generalized (diffuse) in location.
     
    Peripheral edema can occur in both dogs and cats, with some dog breeds believed to be more susceptible, including the Poodle, Bulldog,

  • Swelling of the Optic Disk in the Retina of Dogs

    Papilledema in Dogs
     
    The condition known as papilledema is associated with swelling of the optic disk located within the retina and leading to the dog’s brain. This swelling can lead increased pressure on the brain and may cause other symptoms, such as inflammation of the optic nerves.
     
    When inflammation occurs it interferes with the eye’s ability to transmit retinal information to the brain. Inflammation of the optic nerves may be related to inflammation on the brain or the retina, or could be solely relat …read more

  • Swelling of the Salivary Gland in Dogs

    Salivary Mucocele in Dogs
     
    An oral or salivary mucocele refers to a swelling of the soft connective tissues in the dog’s mouth. The swelling appears like mucus-filled sack, and is more than three times as likely to form in dogs than in cats. However, all dog breeds are susceptible to oral and salivary mucoceles. Treatment is generally successful and involves draining the fluid and prescription antibiotics.
     
    If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit th …read more

  • Swollen Gums in Dogs

    Gingivitis in Dogs
     
    Gingivitis is a reversible inflammation of the gums and is considered the earliest stage of periodontal disease. In the early phases of gingivitis, some plaque is present and there is a mild redness of the gums, but the gingival surfaces are smooth.
     
    The gingival sulcus, or gum pocket, is the narrow space between the inner wall of the gum and the tooth. As gingivitis develops, the bacteria present in these pockets changes for the worse, and the accumulation of more bacteria, which release toxins, destroy gums.
     
    In advanced gingivitis there is plaque …read more

  • Synechiae in Dogs

    Dogs Adhesions of the Iris of the Eye in Dogs
     
    Synechiae are adhesions between the iris and other structures in the eye. They are the result of inflammation in the iris and are particularly common with anterior uveitis (inflammation of the dark tissues of the eye) and trauma to the eye.
     
    Synechiae can occur in both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this type of eye problem affects cats, please visit this page in the petMD health library.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Sy …read more

  • Systemic Autoimmune Disease in Dogs

    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Dogs
     
    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease that is characterized by the formation of antibodies against a wide array of self-antigens (antibody-generating substances) and circulating immune complexes. In other words, this is disease in which the body’s immune system has become hyper-defensive, attacking the cells, organs, and tissues of its own body as if they are diseases that need to be destroyed.
     
    High levels of circulating antigen-antibody complexes (type III hypersensitivity) are formed and deposited i …read more

  • Taurine Deficiency in Dogs

    Deficiency of Amino Acid Taurine in Dogs
     
    Amino acids are critical to life. With over 20 types of amino acids present in the body, they act as the building blocks for proteins and are essential to the proper functioning of the body. One such amino acid, taurine, is distributed throughout the body with high concentration in certain tissues including heart wall muscles, in the retina of the eye, and brain. The exact function of taurine in these tissues remains elusive even while it is known to be essential.
     
    Essential, or indispensable amino acids are a group of amino acids that …read more

  • Tear in the Heart in Dogs

    Atrial Wall Tear
     
    A dog’s heart is divided into four chambers. The two upper chambers are the atria (singular: atrium), and lower chambers are the ventricles. In atrial wall tear, the wall of the atrium is ruptured. This typically occurs secondary to blunt trauma, but may be due to some other cause. As with other wounds, the protective mechanisms of the body take over and heal the tear, with resulting scar formation, but if the tear is significant, heavy bleeding can lead to sudden death. A major tear, at the least, can cause serious illness. Trauma of this type may occur in dogs of an …read more

  • Teeth Misalignment in Dogs

     Malocclusion of Teeth in Dogs
     
    Normally, a puppy will have 28 baby teeth once it is six months old. By the time it reaches adulthood, most dog breeds will have 42 teeth. A misalignment of a dog’s teeth, or malocclusion, occurs when their bite does not fit accordingly. This may begin as the puppy’s baby teeth come in and usually worsens as their adult teeth follow.
     
    The smaller front teeth between the canines on the upper and lower jaws are called incisors. These are used to grasp food and to keep the tongue inside the mouth. Canines (also known as cuspids or fangs) are f …read more

  • Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Dogs

     
    The temporomandibular joint is the jaw joint, the hinged point in the jaw that is formed by two bones, named the temporal and mandible bones. The temporomandibular joint is also frequently referred to as simply TMJ.
     
    There are two temporomandibular joints, one on each side of the face, each one working in concert with the other. TMJ plays a pivotal role in the normal chewing process, and is in fact essential for proper chewing, so that and any disease of this joint compromises the ability to make normal mouth movements and chew food. An affected animal will feel pain when closi …read more

  • Testicular Swelling in Dogs

    Epididymitis/Orchitis in Dogs
     
    Epididymitis is inflammation of the testicular tube where sperm is stored, while orchitis is inflammation of the testes themselves. While the condition can be chronic, acute forms caused by direct trauma to the scrotum are more common. Epididymitis is commonly diagnosed in dogs, generally striking in the adult years; the average age of dogs affected with this condition is four years old. Breed does not indicate the probability of a dog being affected.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you …read more

  • Testicular Tumor (Leydig Cell) in Dogs

    Tumor of the Interstitial Cell of the Testicle
     
    The Leydig cell tumor (LCT) is a rare, and typically benign (non-spreading) tumor made up from the cells that release the testosterone hormone in the connective tissue of the testicles. This type of tumor may occur singularly, or in multiples.  The tumor mass is located in the testis, causing soft swelling of the affected testis. It measures about 1-2 cm in diameter and is spherical in shape. It is classified as a sex-cord stromal tumor, meaning that the tumor issues from the connective tissues of the sex-cords of the testis. This co …read more

  • Testicular Tumor (Seminoma) in Dogs

    Benign Tumor of Testis in Dogs
     
    Seminoma is a unilateral, single, often benign (not recurrent or progressive) tumor of the testis; however, malignant forms of the tumor have been reported in rare cases. It is the second most common tumor of the testis in male dogs, typically affecting older dogs (over the age of four). Typically measuring less than two centimeters in diameter, a seminoma often causes no clinical symptoms in the affected dog and is therefore difficult to identify.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    Although seminomas rarely causes any clinical symptoms in the animal, …read more

  • Testicular Tumor (Sertoli Cell) in Dogs

    Sertoli Cell Tumor in Dogs
     
    Sertoli cell tumors are a form of testicular tumor in dogs, and are linked with undescended testicles. Typically, up to 14 percent sertoli cell tumors in dogs are malignant and will metastasize to surrounding lymph nodes in the body and other organs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The signs and symptoms of sertoli cell tumors include:
     

    Skin changes may become apparent
    One testicle that is larger than the other, with wasting or shriveling of the other testicle
    Feminization syndrome, a condition where a …read more

  • Tetralogy of Fallot in Dogs

    Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital defect of the heart that involves four abnormalities: ventricular septal defect (a hole between the two ventricles), pulmonic stenosis (obstruction of blood flow through the pulmonary valve), an overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscle).
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Weakness
    Fainting
    Shortness of breath
    Cyanosis

     
    Causes
     
    Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital disease that likely is influenced by genetic factors. Kees …read more

  • Thickening of the Uterus Lining and Fluid-filled Sac in Dogs

    Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia in Dogs

     
    The abnormal thickening (pyometra) of the uters’ lining can occur in dogs at any age, although it is more common in dogs that are six years of age or older. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, meanwhile, is a medical condition characterized by the presence of pus-filled cyst inside the dog’s uterus, causing the endometrium to enlarge (also known as hyperplasia).
     
    Prognosis is often positive for both conditions; however, if the dog’s cervix is closed, it can be a life threatening condition requiring immediate medical attention.
    …read more

  • Throat Cancer (Chondrosarcoma) in Dogs

    Chondrosarcoma of the Larynx and Trachea in Dogs
     
    A chondrosarcoma is one of several types of laryngeal tumors that can effect the larynx and trachea of a dog. This is a relatively rare and fast spreading tumor that originates in the cartilage, a connective collagenous tissue that is found throughout the body.
     
    Over time, this type of tumor progresses, aggressively involving the surrounding tissues. As with many sarcomas, chondrosarcoma of the larynx and trachea is more common in middle aged and older dogs. All breeds are at risk, but males are often at a slightly higher risk t …read more

  • Thunderstorm Phobias in Dogs

     
    Thunderstorm phobia is a disorder in which there is persistent and exaggerated fear of storms, or the stimuli associated with storms. To treat this condition, your veterinarian should have some grasp of pathophysiology, as this phobia involves physiologic, emotional, and behavioral components.

     
    Thunderstorm phobia occurs in both dogs and cats, but dogs are often more susceptible to this type of fear. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects dogs, please visit

  • Thyroid Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) in Dogs

    Thyroid Gland Adenocarcinoma in Dogs
     
    The thyroid gland is responsible for a variety of bodily functions, most notably the coordination of hormones and normal metabolism. A particularly malignant form of cancer, carcinoma is characterized by its ability to spread quickly throughout the body. Adenocarcinoma is differentiated only in that it originates in the glandular tissue. Adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland is a malignant tumor, which can metastasize to other tissue and organs, including the lungs. As iodine is essential for the thyroid to function normally, this neoplasm has been f …read more

  • Thyroid Gland Disorder in Dogs

    Myxedema and Myxedema Coma in Dogs
     
    Myxedema coma is a rare condition in dogs characterized by an under-functioning thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). Affected dogs become cold, extremely weak, and mentally dull/depressed. Animals with myxedema have a drop in metabolism, in the oxygen production in their cells, and in calorie production. This diseased condition has a high mortality rate. Affected animals may progress from depressed, to comatose, to dead in relatively short order. Successful treatment is reliant upon early recognition of the disorder and prompt and appropriate medical trea …read more

  • Thyroid Hormone Deficiency in Dogs

    Hypothyroidism in Dogs
     
    The thyroid gland is an essential gland in the body, producing a number of hormones, including T3 (liothyronine) and T4 (levothyroxine), both of which are required for normal metabolism in the body.
     
    Hypothyroidism is a clinical condition resulting from a lowered production and release of T4 and T3 hormones by the thyroid gland. It is common in medium to large-sized dogs, with some being more predisposed than others. These breeds include Doberman pinschers,

  • Tick Medicine Poisoning in Dogs

    Amitraz Toxicosis in Dogs 
     
    Amitraz toxicosis (or poisoning) occurs when a dog is overexposed to the pharmaceutical drug Amitraz (formamidine acaricide), which is commonly used in dog collars and in topical solutions for the prevention and eradication of ticks and to control demodex mite infections.
     
    Toxic levels of this drug will affect the dog’s nervous, endocrine/metabolic, and gastrointestinal systems. Amitraz topical solutions usually contain 19.9 percent of the pharmaceutical in 10.6 ml bottles, while impregnated collars contain 9 percent of it in a 25-inch, 27 …read more

  • Tongue Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

    Lingual Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs
     
    Dogs can be afflicted with several types of tumors, including in the mouth. Squamous cell carcinomas on the tongue are usually located underneath the tongue, where they attache to the bottom of the mouth. They can be white in color and sometimes have a cauliflower shape. This type of tumor grows and metastasizes quickly to other parts of the body.
     
    A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can be described as a malignant and particularly invasive tumor that takes hold in the scale like cells of the epithelium – the tissue that covers the bo …read more

  • Tonsil Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) in Dogs

    Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs   A squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsils is an aggressive and metastatic tumor that arises from the epithelial cells of the tonsils. The epithelium is the cellular covering of all of the internal and external surfaces of the body, protecting the organs, inner cavities and outer surfaces of the body in a continuous layer of multi-layered tissue. The squamous epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of the outer layer of flat, scale-like cells, which are called squamous cells. While all types of squamous cell carcinomas are invasive, carci …read more

  • Too much Acid in the Body in Dogs

    Metabolic Acidosis in Dogs
     
    The lungs and kidneys help to maintain a delicate balance of acid and alkali in the blood, both normal components of a healthy blood supply. A condition of metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an increase in the levels of acid in the blood, which ultimately accumulates to abnormal levels in the body, causing various problems. This can occur due to loss of bicarbonate (alkali); acid production by increased metabolism; excess acid introduction into the body through an external source like ethylene glycol (resulting in ethylene toxicity); or by the kidney&rs …read more

  • Tooth Dislocation or Sudden Loss in Dogs

    Tooth Luxation or Avulsion in Dogs
     
    Tooth luxation is the clinical term for a dislocation of the tooth from its normal spot in the mouth. The mutation can be vertical (downward) or lateral (on either side).
     
    In vertical luxation, the tooth may move up (intrusion) or down (extrusion) in its bony socket. In lateral lunation, the tooth tips to the side. Lateral luxation usually occurs due to an injury that has pushed the tip of the tooth to one side. Vertical luxation is related to the dislocation of the root of the tooth. A tooth is called avulsed, meaning that it has been torn s …read more

  • Tooth Enamel Malformation in Dogs

    Enamel Hypoplasia/Hypocalcification in Dogs
     
    The outer coating of the tooth, the enamel, develops according to a specific set of physical and environmental circumstances. Normally developed enamel will have a smooth, white appearance. However, when conditions in the environment interfere with the development of tooth enamel, teeth can take on a discolored, pitted or otherwise unusual appearance.
     
    Bodily influences, like canine distemper virus (in young puppies that are not vaccinate …read more

  • Tooth Fracture in Dogs

    Traumatic Tooth Injury in Dogs   Tooth fractures refer to tooth injuries involving damage to the enamel, dentin and cement. These injuries occur either on the enamel-covered top portion of the tooth (the crown) or the part below the gum line (the root).   Both dogs and cats are susceptible to traumatic tooth injuries. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.   Symptoms and Types   The most common complication invo …read more

  • Torn Knee Ligament in Dogs

    Cranial Cruciate Ligament and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs
     
    The stifle joint is the joint between the thigh bone (the femur) and the two lower leg bones (tibia and fibula). It is the quadruped equivalent of the knee in bipeds (i.e., humans).
     
    A ligament is a band of connective or fibrous tissue that connects two bones, or cartilage, at a joint; the cranial cruciate ligament is the ligament that connects the thigh bone with the lower leg bone – it helps to stabilize the stifle joint. Cranial cruciate ligament disease , also referred to as the anterior cruciate liga …read more

  • Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract in Dogs

    Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Renal, Bladder and Urethra in Dogs
     
    Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is a malignant (aggressive)  and metastasizing (spreading) cancer arising from the transitional epithelium – the highly stretchable lining of the urinary tract system – of the kidney, ureters (the tubes that carry fluid from the kidneys to the bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside), prostate, or vagina.
     
    Flea-control products (organophosphates and carbamate) and cyclophosphamide are possible causal ag …read more

  • Tumor of the Eye in Dogs

    Uveal Melanoma in Dogs
     
    The uvea is the part of the eye that is made up of the iris (the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil), the ciliary body (which produces the fluid within the eye [aqueous humour] and controls the ciliary muscle contractions that aid in near focus), the choroid (which provides oxygen and nourishment to the retina – the inner surface of the eye), and the pars plana (at the front of the eye, where the iris and sclera [white of the eye] touch). A melanoma is clinically characterized by malignant growth of melanocytes, cells that are dark in appearance …read more

  • Tumor of the Meninges in Dogs

    Meningioma in Dogs
     
    Meningioma is the most common brain tumor in dogs. It affects a system of membranes that envelops the brain and spinal cord called the meninges. These tumors compress adjacent tissues and may lead to swelling in the affected regions. All breeds are at risk of meningioma, but it is usually seen in dogs older than seven years of age.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The symptoms vary depending upon the location of tumor, but some of the more common symptoms include:
     

  • Tumor of the Nerves in Dogs

    Nerve Sheath Tumor in Dogs
     
    Nerve sheath tumors are tumors that grow from the myelin sheath that covers the peripheral and spinal nerves. This type of tumor affects the nervous system of the body, as it compromises the functioning ability of the peripheral and/or spinal nerves that form the peripheral nervous system and which reside or extend outside the central nervous system (CNS). Over 80 percent of such tumors affect the forelimbs of dogs. Any breed and gender may be affected.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Progressive and chronic lameness in forelimb (common s …read more

  • Tumor of the Thymus in Dogs

    Thymoma in Dogs
     
    The thymus is an organ in front of the heart in the rib cage in which T lymphocytes mature and multiply.  A thymoma is a tumor originating from the epithelium (layer of tissue covering the thymus) of the thymus.  Thymomas are rare tumors in both cats and dogs and they are associated with myasthenia gravis.  Myasthenia gravis is a severe autoimmune disease which causes certain muscle groups to tire easily.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

  • Tumor of the Uterus in Dogs

    Uterine Tumor in Dogs
     
    Uterine tumors in dogs are usually benign (non-spreading) and non-cancerous. Uterine tumors are rare occurrences, usually affecting middle-aged to older female dogs that have not been spayed. These tumors arise from the uterine smooth muscle and epithelial tissues — the tissues that line the internal organs and cavities. Dogs are most affected with leiomyomas, a benign smooth muscle mass of tissue (neoplasm); 85 to 90 percent of uterine tumors are this type. Fortunately, only 10 percent of dogs have the malignant form of leiomyosarcoma.
     
    Symptoms and Typ …read more

  • Tumor Related to Vaccinations in Dogs

    Vaccine-associated Sarcoma in Dogs
     
    Most types of injectable vaccine and non-vaccine products have rarely been associated with sarcoma development in dogs, but some dogs may develop a site specific sarcoma following rabies vaccination. In fact, reports of a sarcoma (a cancerous mass arising from bone, cartilage, fat or muscle) developing at the site of vaccine injection sites in some animals have led to the suspicion of a link between the vaccine and a disposition in some animals to this type of reaction.
     
    These tumors are characterized as highly invasive, rapidly growing, and …read more

  • Tumors of the Endocrine Glands in Dogs

    Oncocytoma in Dogs
     
    The endocrine glands are responsible for secreting hormones directly into the blood and lymph nodes. One type of tumor that can grow within atypical cells found in the endocrine glands and epithelium (the tissue lining the cavities of the body) is the oncocytoma, a rare and benign tumor that can affect dogs.
     
    As a benign tumor, an oncocytoma does not metastasize, and also tends to be minimally invasive. Concern arises according the location of the tumor, as its presence may restrict movement, blood passages, or airways. Though this is rare in dogs, when it d …read more

  • Tumors of the Gums (Epulis) in Dogs

    Epulis in Dogs
     
    Epulides are tumors or tumor-like masses on an animal’s gums, which do not come from the teeth. They appear early on as small masses sprouting from the gum, which seem to hang from a stalk, and often displace tooth structures as they expand. Most epulides stick to the bone, do not have a capsule, and have a smooth to slightly nodular surface. They do not spread but may deform the face.
     
    Epulides are the fourth most common oral tumor in dogs (rare in cats) and occur most often in brachycephalic breeds. Boxers …read more

  • Tumors of the Vagina in Dogs

    Vaginal Tumors in Dogs
     
    Vaginal tumors are the second most common reproductive tumor in dogs, comprising 2.4–3 percent of all tumors in dogs. In dogs 86 percent of vaginal tumors are benign smooth muscle tumors, often with fingerlike extensions (e.g., leiomyoma, a type of smooth muscle tumor; fibroleiomyoma, a fibrous tissue and smooth muscle tissue tumor; and fibroma, a fibrous tissue tumor). In dogs, a vaginal tumor may never bother the animal (and thus never be diagnosed), or it may cause complications that are not a direct result of the tumor, but a result of its presence in …read more

  • Twisted Spleen in Dogs

    Splenic Torsion in Dogs
     
    The spleen exists as a filter to destroy excess red blood cells, and as a reservoir for blood. It is a main support to the immune system. Splenic torsion, or twisting of the spleen, may occur by itself, or in association with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) syndrome, when a dog’s air-filled stomach expands and twists on itself. It can occur suddenly, or it can gradually twist over a period of time.
     
    Dogs are rarely affected by an abnormality such as splenic torsion. When it does occur, however, it most commonly seen in large-breed, deep-chested …read more

  • Tylenol (Acetaminophen) Poisoning in Dogs

    Acetaminophen Toxicity in Dogs
     
    Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used pain relievers, and it can be found in a variety of over-the-counter medications. Toxic levels can be reached when a pet is unintentionally over medicated with acetaminophen, or when a pet has gotten hold of medication and ingested it. Pet owners often do not realize their animals may break into medicine cabinets or chew through medicine bottles. It is important to be able to recognize the symptoms of toxicity, so that you can properly treat your pet if is has accidentally ingested medication.
     
    Symp …read more

  • Umbilical Hernia in Dogs

    Umbilical Dog Hernia

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    …read more

  • Uncoordinated Cilia Function in Dogs

    Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in Dogs
     
    Ciliary dyskinesia is a congenital disorder caused by ciliary dysfunction. The cilia are complex hairlike structures, capable of movement, that line various body organs, including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, auditory tubes, ventricles of the brain, spinal canal, uterine tube, and the ducts of the testes. The main function of the cilia is to move cells, or to move the surrounding fluids. They also serve as a kind of filter. In the respiratory tract, the cilia work to remove dust and other material from inhaled air before it is moved into t …read more

  • Unequal Pupil Size in Dogs

    Anisocoria in Dogs
     
    The pupil is the circular opening in the center of the eye that allows light to pass through. The pupil expands when there is little light present, and contracts when there is a greater amount of light present. Anisocoria refers to an unequal pupil size. This condition causes one of the dog’s pupils to be smaller than the other. With the proper detection of the disease’s underlying cause, treatment plans are available that should resolve the issue.
     
    The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to …read more

  • Unintentional Eye Movement in Dogs

    Nystagmus in Dogs 
     
    Nystagmus is a condition defined by the involuntary and rhythmic oscillation of the eyeballs; that is, the eyes unintentionally move or swing back and forth. Nystagmus can occur in both dogs and cats and is a characteristic sign of a problem in the animal’s nervous system.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    There are two types of nystagmus: jerk nystagmus and pendular nystagmus. Jerk nystagmus is characterized by slow eye movements in one direction with a rapid corre …read more

  • Unruly Behaviors in Dogs

    Jumping, Digging, Chasing, and Stealing Behaviors in Dogs
     
    All of these actions are within the range of normal dog behaviors. However, a dog that is not kept active enough may behave excessively in one or more of these ways. This can be especially true of dogs that are normally high energy by genetic disposition or character. 
     
     
    Jumping up excessively as part of a greeting, for example, can be associated with separation anxiety and the excitement of having the human …read more

  • Ureter Stones in Dogs

    Ureterolithiasis in Dogs 
     
    Ureterolithiasis is a condition involving the formation of stones that may lodge into and block a dog’s ureter, the muscular tube that connects the kidney to the bladder and carries urine from kidneys to the bladder. Typically, the stones originate in the kidneys and pass down into the ureter.
     
    Depending on the size and shape of the stone, the stone may pass down to the bladder without any resistance or it may partially or completely obstruct the ureter, resulting in the dilatation of the upper portion of the ureter and subsequent kidney damage.
    …read more

  • Urethral Shaft Abnormality in Dogs

    Ectopic Ureter in Dogs
     
    An ectopic (displaced) ureter is a congenital abnormality in which one or both ureters open into the urethra or vagina. Bilateral ectopia affects both ureters, and unilateral ectopia affects one ureter. Dogs affected with ectopic ureter will have the tubular shaft bypass the bladder floor (trigone) and enter through the bladder wall. Less frequently, the ureter opens into the bladder floor and continues as a trough into the urethra. 
     
    The following dog breeds may be predisposed to displaced ureter: Labrador Retriever, Golden retriever, Siberian hu …read more

  • Urinary Bladder Cancer (Rhabdomyosarcoma) in Dogs

    Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Urinary Bladder in Dogs
     
    Rhabdomyosarcoma is a very rare type of malignant and metastasizing (spreading) tumor derived from stem cells, or originating in the striated muscle that surrounds the developing Müllerian or Wolffian ducts. Müllerian ducts begin as two ducts in the female embryo, developing into the vagina, uterus and oviducts. Wolffian ducts begin in the male embryo, developing into the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles through the penis (vas deferens).
     
    Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder may also be reported as botryoid …read more

  • Kidney Stones (Struvite) in Dogs

    Urolithiasis, Struvite in Dogs
     
    Urolithiasis is the medical term referring to the presence of stones in the kidneys, bladder or anywhere in the urinary tract. Struvite — the primary composition of these stones — is a material that is comprised of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. The stones are more common in female dogs than in male dogs, and typically in animals that are mid-range in years (six to seven years of age). Struvite stones account for more than one-third of all stones found in the urinary tracts of dogs.
     
    Symptoms and Types 
     
    While some dogs may not …read more

  • Urinary Tract / Kidney Stones (Cystine) in Dogs

    Urolithiasis (Cystine) in Dogs
     
    Urolithiasis is a medical term referring to the presence of crystals or stones in the urinary tract. When the stones are made up of cystine – a normal compound found in the body – they are called cystine stones. These stones can also be found in the kidneys and in the tubes connecting the kidneys to the animal’s bladder (ureters).
     
    Urolithiasis affects both dogs and cats, and are primarily found in adult animals. As far as dogs breeds: Dachshunds, English Bulldogs, Newfoundlands, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, and Welsh Corgi Dogs are m …read more

  • Urinary Tract / Kidney Stones (Calcium Phosphate) in Dogs

    Calcium Phosphate Urolithiasis in Dogs
     
    Urolithiasis is a condition in which stones (uroliths) are formed in the urinary tract. There are various types of these stones seen in dogs — among them, those made from calcium phosphate. Also known as apatite uroliths, calcium phosphate stones are more often found the kidneys than the urinary bladder.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    The symptoms may vary depending on the location, size, and number of stones within the urinary tract. In fact, some dogs display no outwardly visible signs of the issue; it is only discovered later during a r …read more

  • Urinary Tract Infection, Lower (Bacterial) in Dogs

    Bacterial Infection of Bladder and/or Urethra in Dogs
     
    The invasion and colonization of bacteria in the urinary bladder and/or the upper portion of the urethra may result in infection when the local defense system, which helps protect against infection, is impaired. Symptoms related to this type of infection include inflammation of the affected tissue and urinary difficulties.
     
    Dogs of all ages can be affected, but vulnerability increases with advancing age. In such cases, stone formation, prostate disease, and tumors are frequently seen. Additionally, female dogs are more susc …read more

  • Urinary Tract Obstruction in Dogs

     
    Urinary tract obstruction is a medical emergency causing the dog to strain while urinating, producing little or no urine each time. The obstruction may be due to inflammation or compression on the urethra, or simply a blockage. Treatment is available and the prognosis of this issue will depend on the severity of the obstruction.
     
    Urinary tract obstruction occurs mostly in male cats, but dogs and female cats may also be affected. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit

  • Urinary Tract Stones/Crystals Made Up of Uric Acid in Dogs

    Urolithiasis/Urate Stones In dogs

     
    Urolithiasis is a medical term referring to the presence of stones or crystals in an animal’s urinary tract. When the stones are made up of uric acid, they are called urate stones. These stones can also be found in the kidneys and in the tubes connecting the kidneys to the animal’s bladder (ureters).
     
    While these stones can affect any dog breed, Dalmatians, English Bulldogs, and Yorkshire Terriers are more susceptible to the condition. It is also more common in male dogs than in females, and typically noticed within the first three to four y …read more

  • Uterine Abnormalities in Dogs

    Subinvolution of Placental Sites in Dogs
     
    Involution of the uterus is the process by which the uterus contracts to its non-pregnant size after the delivery of the young. This usually takes 12-15 weeks to complete. Subinvolution, on the other hand, is the failure or delay in this normal process. This problem is more common in female dogs that are younger than three years of age, and/or in dogs that have experienced their first litter. All breeds are equally susceptible to this problem.
     
    This is usually not a significant health problem, but because it resembles other reproductive …read more

  • Vaginal Abnormalities in Dogs

    Vaginal Malformations and Acquired Lesions in Dogs
     
    Vaginal malformations are recognized as altered anatomic architecture, which can be due to congenital anomalies such as an imperforate hymen (where the hymen is solid, not allowing fluids through the vaginal canal from the uterus, or normal penetration [such as for breeding]; generally a congenital anomaly); dorsoventral septum (or septae, where the vagina has a vertical dividing membranous wall/partition); hymenal tightening; cysts (a sac with liquid inside); or to acquired conditions, such as vaginal overgrowth, foreign bodies, stri …read more

  • Vaginal Discharge in Dogs

     
    Vaginal discharge refers to any substance coming from the animal’s vagina. Types of discharge can include mucus, blood, or pus. Since there are so many causes for this medical condition, consulting with a veterinarian is highly recommended.
     
    Symptoms
     
    Symptoms can include discharge from the animal’s vagina, spotting of blood, scooting the hindquarters, attracting males.
     
    Causes
     
    Reasons for why an animal would experience discharge include:
     

    Urinary tract infection
    Foreign body
    Vaginal trauma

  • Vaginal Inflammation in Dogs

    Vaginitis in Dogs
     
    The term vaginitis refers to inflammation of vagina or vestibule in female dogs. Although this conditions is uncommon, it may occur at any age and in any breed.
     
    Symptoms and Types
     

    Discharge from the vulva
    Male attraction (due to vaginal discharge)
    Frequent urination (polyuria), even in improper locations
    Frequent licking of the vagina (due irritation caused by inflammation)

     
    Causes
     
    Vaginitis may occ …read more

  • Vascular Ring Anomalies in Dogs

    Persistent Right Aortic Arch in Dogs
     
    Vascular ring anomalies occur when a congenital abnormality of the heart’s blood vessels result in the esophagus being compressed at the level of the base of the heart. This, in turn, prevents solid food from being able to pass properly past the compression as well as the dilatation of the esophagus in front of the compressed area. This is termed megaesophagus. Because food is not moved properly through the esophagus, regurgitation occurs.
     
    Symptoms and Types
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  • Ventricular Standstill in Dogs

    Asystole in Dogs
     
    There are four chambers in the heart. The two top chambers are the atria (single: atrium), and two bottom chambers are the ventricles. Valves are provided between each atrial and ventricular pair, each on the left and right side, allowing blood to pass from the atria to the ventricles, where it is then pumped out of the heart into the body – the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood  to the body. The heart works with exceptional synchronization between the various atrial and ventricular structures, resulting in a consi …read more

  • Verterbral Disc Inflammation in Dogs

    Diskspondylitis in Dogs
     
    Diskspondylitis is the inflammation of vertebral disks due to an infection caused by the invasion of bacteria or fungus. In dogs, as with other vertebrates, the vertebral column is composed of a series of vertebral bones. These bones maintain the structure of the body and protect the spinal cord, which is nested within the vertebral column. Between each vertebrae are structures called disks. These round, cartilaginous shock absorbers hold a nucleus of fibrous gel, which allows for normal movement of the vertebrae without the vertebral bones grinding against eac …read more

  • Vomiting of Blood in Dogs

    Hematemesis in Dogs   Hematemesis, or the vomiting of blood, can be the result of a number of causes. There may be a disruption in the lining of the tube connecting the mouth and stomach (esophagus), or an irritation of the stomach or intestines, which can lead to inflammation, bleeding, and, eventually, the expulsion of blood through vomiting. Alternatively, the blood may originate from an inflammation or injury in the mouth or lungs (respiratory system), after which it is swallowed and then thrown up (regurgitated).   Hematemesis is relatively common in dogs, and can affect a wide …read more

  • Vomiting with Bile in Dogs

    Bilious Vomiting Syndrome in Dogs
     
    Bile serves important functions in the digestion of food and removal of waste materials from the body. Bile is created in the liver and stored in the gallbladder until food has been ingested. It is then released into the small intestine to aid in digestion of food and to emulsify the food so that it can be used appropriately by the body.
     
    Bilious vomiting syndrome occurs when bile abnormally enters the stomach from the intestine, causing irritation and vomiting. The presence of bile is indicated by a watery, yellow-green substance in the vomit …read more

  • Wart Virus in Dogs

    Papillomatosis in Dogs
     
    The term papillomatosis is used to describe a benign tumor on the surface of the skin. A virus, known as the papillomavirus, causes the growth. The general appearance is wart-like, raised, with the central surface having an open pore if the wart is inverted. In dogs, the warts are most commonly presented in a raised manner; however, inverted warts are not uncommon. The pigmented appearance normally presents as a rough surface that is flat in appearance and black in colour.
     
    There are instances where the papillomatosis can progress, causing common forms o …read more

  • Water Diabetes in Dogs

    Diabetes Insipidus in Dogs
     
    Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare disorder that affects water metabolism, preventing the body from conserving water and releasing too much of it. This condition is characterized by increased urination, dilute urine (so-called insipid, or dull urine), and increased thirst and drinking. This disease is not related to diabetes mellitus (insulin diabetes).
     
    Symptoms and Types
     
    There are two main types of DI that affect dogs: neurogenic (or central diabetes insipidus) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In neurogenic DI, the cause is due to a lack …read more

  • Water on the Brain in Dogs

    Hydrocephalus in Dogs
     
    Hydrocephalus is an expansion or abnormal dilation of the ventricular system due to an increased volume of spinal fluid. In this case, the ventricles that are affected are those connected with the spinal cord. The abnormal dilation may affect only on one side of the brain, or both sides. It may involve the entire ventricular system (a set of hollow structures in the brain continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord), or only elements next to a site of ventricular system obstruction.
     
    There are two types of hydrocephalus – obstructive and co …read more

  • Watery Eyes in Dogs

    Epiphora in Dogs
     
    Epiphora is a condition that causes an abnormal overflow of tears. Causes of epiphora due to the shape of the eyes is seen in many breeds. The overproduction of tears can be congenital due to distichiasis – turning in of the eyelashes, or entropion – the turning in of the eyelid. Young shelties, shih tzus, Lhasa apsos, cocker spaniels, pekingese, bulldogs, dachshunds, and miniature poodles are most commonly affected with distichia. Entropion is most commonly seen in some Chinese shar peis, pugs, mastiffs, poodles, Labrador retrievers and chow chows. The up …read more

  • Weak Immune System due to Hereditary Disorder in Dogs

    Immunodeficiency Disorders in Dogs
     
    The immune system is a collection of biological processes that protects against disease by identifying and killing the invading pathogens, as well as tumor cells. It works 24/7, guarding against invading organisms and infections, detecting a wide variety of invading agents including bacteria, viruses, and parasitic worms. One key feature of the immune system function is that it is able to distinguish the invading organisms from the body’s own cells and tissues.
     
    Primary immunodeficiency disorders involve weakened immune response when re …read more

  • Weight Loss and Chronic Disease in Dogs

    Cachexia in Dogs
     
    When should your dog’s weight loss concern you? The standard is when the loss exceeds ten percent of normal body weight (and when it is not due to fluid loss). There are many things that can cause weight loss, including chronic disease. It is important to understand this because the dog’s entire body will probably be affected by the weight loss, and it ultimately depends on the cause and severity of the underlying medical condition.
     
    Causes 
     

    Insufficient calorie intake
    Poor quality of food
    Taste …read more

  • When Your Dog is Overly Aggressive Towards Other Dogs

    Interdog Aggression in Dogs
     
    Inter-dog aggression occurs when a dog is overly aggressive towards dogs in the same household or unfamiliar dogs. This behavior is often considered normal, but some dogs can become excessively aggressive due to learning and genetic factors.
     
    Inter-dog aggression occurs much more frequently in non-neutered male dogs. Common signs usually start appearing when the dog reaches puberty (between six and nine months old) or becomes socially mature at 18 to 36 months. Generally, inter-dog aggression is more of a problem between dogs of the same gender.
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  • Wobbler Syndrome in Dogs

    Cervical Spondylomyelopathy in Dogs
     
    Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM), or wobbler syndrome, is a disease of the cervical spine (at the neck) that is commonly seen in large and giant-breed dogs. CSM is characterized by compression of the spinal cord and/or nerve roots, which leads to neurological signs and/or neck pain. The term wobbler syndrome is used to describe the characteristic wobbly gait (walk) that affected dogs have.
     
    Intervertebral disk slippage and/or bony malformation in a narrowed vertebral canal (the bony canal surrounding the soft spinal cord) can cause spinal c …read more

  • Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in Dogs

     
    Normally, the electrical impulse causing the heart to beat begins in the sinoatrial node — the pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium (one of the heart’s top two chambers) — is transmitted to the ventricles (the heart’s bottom two chambers) and then passes through the atrioventricular (AV) node into the AV bundle. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW) is when ventricular pre-excitation occurs as impulses originating in the sinoatrial node or atrium activate a portion of the ventricles prematurely through an accessory pathway without going through the AV node, causing, amon …read more

  • Xanthine Urinary Tract Stones in Dogs

    Xanthine Urolithiasis in Dogs
     
    Xanthine is a naturally occurring by-product of purine metabolism. It is normally converted to uric acid (the waste product of proteins found in the blood) by the enzyme xanthine oxidase and passed out of the body via urine, but because xanthine is the least soluble of the purines excreted into the urine, excessive amounts of xanthines may be associated with formation of xanthine uroliths (stones). Impairment of xanthine oxidase ultimately results in xanthines in the blood (hyperxanthinemia) and xanthines spilling over into the urine (xanthinuria). It may …read more

  • Yellow Skin (Jaundice) in Dogs

    Icterus in Dogs
     
    The term icterus (or jaundice) denotes a yellow discoloration of mucous membranes of the gums, nostrils, genitals, and other areas due to a high concentration of bilirubin, a normal bile pigment formed as a result of a breakdown of hemoglobin present in red blood cells (RBCs).
     
    If there is an increased rate of RBC breakdown, as occurs in some diseases, abnormally high levels of bilirubin will form. These high levels of bilirubin cannot be excreted at a normal rate, and thus, accumulates in tissues. Bilirubin levels may also increase in conditions where normal e …read more